Amit Kumar

This review traces the development of semiconductor equipment, from bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) to advanced architectures such as fin field‐effect transistors (FinFETs), nanowire transistors, and carbon nanotube FETs. We highlight major developments that have enabled improvements in performance, energy efficiency, and integration density. Special attention is paid to detailed bandgap materials (SiC, GaN), two‐dimensional materials, and van der Waals (VdW) heterostructures, which are ready to shape the next generation of power and high‐frequency electronics. Next‐generation trends beyond CMOS, such as neuromorphic engineering and quantum computing, are identified, with a focus on operating methodology and recent hardware realizations. The application ground is linked to industry‐specific needs in healthcare, energy, and AI hardware. Comparative data tables and combined figures are presented to further the performance benchmark. We consider existing challenges, fabrication intricacies, quantum decoherence, and the integration of materials and emphasize future paths, among them quantum–neuromorphic hybrid systems, green fabrication methods, and artificial intelligence‐based design approaches. Furthermore, 2026 predictions, in‐depth industrial applications, quantitative comparisons, and opportunities for further research efforts are critically reviewed.

In this paper, we present a simple and effective strategy for designing controllers for large-scale linear time-invariant systems using Genetic Algorithms (GA). Instead of relying on traditional, complex controller structures, more weightage is given to reduced-order models that capture the essential dynamics of large, complex systems, making control design implementation easier. GA is used to automatically tune controller parameters, thereby ensuring optimal performance regardless of the system type or order. Simulation results exhibit consistent improvements, including smaller rise and settling times, zero overshoot, and excellent stability characteristics, irrespective of the model reduction technique employed. The proposed approach to controller design combines simplicity with high performance, providing control engineers with a practical and reliable tool to address control challenges in higher-order systems.

This paper proposes an integrated energy management system for solar photovoltaic (PV)- fed hybrid power configurations that combines a high-gain DC-DC converter with a battery storage unit and a transformerless H-bridge inverter. The proposed architecture eliminates isolation transformers, enhancing system efficiency and compactness. This research suggests the development of a switched inductor–capacitor–based high-gain converter that achieves a maximum voltage gain, operating efficiently at lower duty cycles and reduced component stress. The power management strategy employs a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller to regulate the DC link voltage under dynamic irradiance and load conditions. This approach ensures effective power balancing between the generation and load sides through bi-directional power flow, supporting stable operation during sudden fluctuations in solar input. The system’s performance is validated through extensive simulations in MATLAB/Simulink and experimental testing. Compared to existing converter configurations, the proposed method achieves a peak system efficiency of 97.7%, resulting in reduced power losses and enhanced voltage regulation. The energy management algorithm responds in real time to power deviations. Simulation and hardware results confirm the robustness of the configuration under both steady-state and dynamic scenarios, supporting its sustainability for consumer-grade PV hybrid systems.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Although the aetiology of IBD remains largely unknown, several studies suggest that an individual’s genetic susceptibility, external environmental factors, intestinal microbial flora, and immune responses are all factors involved in and functionally linked to the pathogenesis of IBD. Beyond the gastrointestinal manifestations, IBD patients frequently suffer from psychiatric comorbidities, particularly depression and anxiety. It remains unclear whether these disorders arise solely from reduced quality of life or whether they share overlapping biological mechanisms with IBD. This review aims to explore the bidirectional relationship between IBD and depressive disorders (DDs), with a focus on four key shared mechanisms: immune dysregulation, genetic susceptibility, alterations in gut microbiota composition, and dysfunction of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. By examining recent literature, we highlight how these interconnected systems may contribute to both intestinal inflammation and mood disturbances. Furthermore, we discuss the reciprocal pharmacologic interactions between IBD and DDs: treatments for IBD, such as TNF-alpha and integrin inhibitors, have demonstrated effects on mood and anxiety symptoms, while certain antidepressants appear to exert independent anti-inflammatory properties, potentially reducing the risk or severity of IBD. Overall, this review underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach to the care of IBD patients, integrating psychological and gastroenterological assessment. A better understanding of the shared pathophysiology may help refine therapeutic strategies and support the development of personalized, gut–brain-targeted interventions.

This paper proposes an asymmetric operation of dual active bridge (DAB) bidirectional converter by reducing the conduction devices count which improves the operating efficiency. It also offers the advantages of elimination of circulating power flow (CPF), extension of soft switching region, reduction in current stress and smaller filter requirement. The paper describes the detailed operating waveforms and analysis of power transfer for the proposed asymmetric operation of the DAB converter. To analyze the accurate power dissipation in each power component the loss breakdown analysis is presented. The analytical results presented in this paper and proposed operation of the DAB converter has been verified through the experimental results.

Three‐phase transformerless inverter configurations are widely used in solar photovoltaic (PV) systems due to their high‐efficiency power transfer capabilities to the grid. However, the main issue in transformerless grid‐connected inverters is the suppression of leakage current (LC), which arises from parasitic capacitances and is worsened by the absence of galvanic isolation. To reduce the LC with the grid standards, we need to maintain the constant common‐mode voltage (CMV). Additionally, this poses a challenge to the reactive power injection capability of these inverters under varying grid voltage and power factor conditions. Various transformerless configurations have been established, utilising advanced modulation techniques to address LC suppression and CMV stabilisation. However, these designs often exhibit significant switching losses and inconsistent reactive power performance, limiting their efficiency and reliability in practical applications. To overcome these limitations, hybrid inverter topologies have been approached with modified discontinuous pulse width modulation (MDPWM) techniques. In this research, theoretical modelling and simulation studies are performed using MATLAB/Simulink to evaluate the performance of different hybrid transformerless configurations with proposed MDPWM in reducing switching losses, ensuring CMV stability, minimising device stress and enhancing reactive power handling in PV‐fed systems. Additionally, the most effective topology is identified and validated through experimental analysis, demonstrating its superior performance with reduced LC and less variation in CMV. Summary: Four hybrid transformerless inverter configurations are compared regarding common mode voltage, leakage current, switching losses and reactive power for grid‐tied PV systems. A modified discontinuous PWM (MDPWM) technique has been approached for all four configurations to reduce switching losses and stabilise CMV across all designs. The study analyses voltage and thermal stress in NPC versus non‐NPC hybrid topologies to enhance inverter reliability. RTDS experiments validate the system's performance in managing current, CMV and leakage current dynamically, supporting real‐world use.

Amidst the global push for cleaner energy production, the role of solar power is gaining significant importance. Its cost-effectiveness, lack of emissions, adaptability to available space, and year-round availability make it a compelling choice for energy generation. Photovoltaic panels (PV), crucial for establishing a solar plant, must be efficient for practical energy production. With numerous solar PV panels manufacturers globally, the costs and performance can vary for a given power output. In such a scenario, ensuring their efficiency before installation is essential to enable effective and sustainable energy generation throughout the operation. Therefore, this article proposes to compare the solar PV panel's actual power production with its mathematical model. A MATLAB Simulink-based model is used to analyze the PV panel's performance and compare it with real-time measurements from the panel under local ambient conditions. This comparison will help to identify the best panels to meet the essential requirements. In detail, the PV panel parameters from the manufacturer datasheet are fed to the model so that it behaves as its real-time model (actual panel). The performance obtained from the mathematical model is compared with the experimental data collected over three days. On which the ambient temperatures ranged from 27.9°C to 34.6°C. The results showcased a difference in fill factor between the mathematical model and the experimental data of the actual panel is nearly 20 %.