Hamza Assila

This study involved the synthesis, characterization, and toxicity prediction of nine novel pyridazine‐hydrazone analogs ( 3a–i ) to investigate their inhibitory activity against α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase enzymes as potential antidiabetic agents using in vitro assays. In addition, in silico molecular docking was conducted to evaluate the binding interactions of these analogs with the target enzymes, while physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties were predicted using the ADMET2.0 web server. The in vitro assays demonstrated significant α‐amylase inhibitory activity (except for compounds 3a and 3b ), with IC ₅₀ values ranging from 61.21 ± 0.78 to 209.40 ± 2.98 µM, compared with the standard drug acarbose (IC ₅₀ = 126.5 ± 0.02 µM). All compounds also exhibited significant α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity, with IC ₅₀ values ranging from 19.91 ± 0.12 to 204.3 ± 1.76 µM, compared with acarbose (IC ₅₀ = 98.12 ± 0.01 µM). Notably, compounds 3e and 3h showed the strongest α‐amylase inhibition, whereas 3c , 3g , and 3i were the most potent α‐glucosidase inhibitors. Molecular docking revealed binding energies ranging from −7.6 to −9.2 kcal/mol for α‐amylase (PDB ID: 4GQR) and −6.0 to −8.0 kcal/mol for α‐glucosidase (PDB ID: 5NN5), supporting their potential as promising α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase inhibitors.

Background/Objectives: Eucalyptus globulus is a medicinal plant extensively used by the Moroccan population for treating a range of illnesses, especially respiratory conditions. Methods: This study aimed to assess the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of E. globulus essential oil and its individual fractions (F1, F2, and F3). Antioxidant activity was evaluated through iron-reducing power, 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. Antibacterial activity was tested using disk diffusion and dilution methods, supported by molecular docking studies. Furthermore, GC–MS analysis was conducted on the essential oil and its individual fractions. Results: GC–MS analysis identified the major compounds in the essential oil and its fractions as eucalyptol (62.32–42.60%), globulol (5.9–26.24%), o-cymene (6.89–24.35%), cryptone (7.10–15.95%), terpinen-4-ol (2.43–15.24%), and α-pinene (2.46–7.89%). Fraction F3 displayed the highest antioxidant activity in DPPH (IC₅₀ = 3.329 ± 0.054 mg/mL) and ABTS assays (IC₅₀ = 3.721 ± 0.027 mg/mL), while fraction F2 was most effective in the FRAP assay (IC₅₀ = 1.054 ± 0.008 mg/mL). The essential oil and its fractions also showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Molecular docking further corroborated these findings, supporting both antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Conclusions: The present findings demonstrate the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil and its fractions, underscoring the need for further research to confirm their medicinal potential and explore pharmaceutical applications.

In the title molecule, C₂₀H₁₈ClN₃O₂, the 2-chlorophenyl group is disordered to a small extent [occupancies 0.875 (2)/0.125 (2)]. The phenylacetamide moiety is nearly planar due to a weak, intramolecular C—H...O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, N—H...O hydrogen bonds and π-stacking interactions between pyridazine and phenyl rings form helical chains of molecules in the b-axis direction, which are linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds and C—H...π(ring) interactions. A Hirshfeld surface analysis was performed, which showed that H...H, C...H/H...C and O...H/H...O interactions to dominate the intermolecular contacts in the crystal.

The conformation of the title molecule, C₂₀H₁₇ClFN₃O₂, is partly determined by an intramolecular C—H...O hydrogen bond, which leads to a dihedral angle of 14.7 (4)° between the fluorobenzene ring and the acetamide group. The 2-chlorobenzyl group is rotationally disordered over two orientations in a 0.656 (2): 0.344 (2) ratio. In the crystal, a layered structure is formed by N—H...O, C—H...O and C—H...F hydrogen bonds plus slipped π–π stacking interactions.

Pyrazole, characterized by a five-membered heterocyclic structure featuring two neighboring nitrogen atoms, serves as a core element. Pyrazoles hold a privileged status as versatile frameworks in various sectors of the chemical industry, including medicine and agriculture. Previous reviews have extensively highlighted the significance of pyrazoles and their diverse biological activities, encompassing roles such as antituberculosis, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antidiabetic agents. Consequently, they have garnered substantial interest from researchers. The aim of this review is to offer a comprehensive overview of the published research related to the synthesis of pyrazole derivatives, encompassing a discussion of diverse methods for accessing the pyrazole moiety. These methods span from utilizing transition-metal catalysts and photoredox reactions to employing one-pot multicomponent processes, novel reactants, and innovative reaction types. It encompasses studies conducted by numerous scientists worldwide, showcasing collective efforts in advancing the methodologies and applications of pyrazole derivatives.

In the title molecule, C₁₇H₂₀N₂O₄, the inner part of the ester substituent is nearly perpendicular to the dihydropyridazine ring, forming a dihedral angle of 83.21 (7)°. In the crystal, inversion dimers are formed by pairwise C—H...O interactions with the dimers connected into chains extending along the b-axis direction by C—H...π(ring) interactions. The chains are connected by π-stacking interactions to give corrugated layers parallel to the ab plane. The terminal ethyl group is disordered over two two sets of sites with the major component having a site occupancy factor of 0.715 (10)