Yi Xin

Deep tight sandstone reservoirs are characterized by low porosity and permeability, complex pore structure, and strong heterogeneity. Conducting research on the heterogeneity characteristics of reservoirs could lay a foundation for evaluating their effectiveness and accurately identifying advantageous reservoirs, which is of great significance for searching for “sweet spot” oil and gas reservoirs in tight reservoirs. In this study, the deep tight sandstone reservoir in the Dibei area, northern Kuqa depression, Tarim Basin, China, is taken as the research object. Firstly, statistical methods are used to calculate the coefficient of variation (CV) and coefficient of heterogeneity (TK) of core permeability, and the heterogeneity within the reservoir is evaluated by analyzing the variations in the reservoir permeability. Then, based on fractal theory, the fractal and multifractal parameters of the GR and acoustic logs are calculated using the box dimension, correlation dimension, and the wavelet leader methods. The results show that the heterogeneity revealed by the box dimension, correlation dimension, and multifractal singular spectrum calculated based on well logs is consistent and in good agreement with the parameters calculated based on core permeability. The heterogeneity of gas layers is comparatively weaker, while that of dry layers is stronger. In addition, the fractal parameters of GR and the acoustic logs of three wells with the oil test in the study area were analyzed, and the relationship between reservoir heterogeneity and production was determined: As reservoir heterogeneity decreases, production increases. Therefore, reservoir heterogeneity can be used as an indicator of production; specifically, reservoirs with weak heterogeneity have high production.

Unconventional oil and gas reservoirs have broad exploration and development prospects. Fracture parameters and effectiveness evaluation are two of the key tasks for the evaluation of these types of reservoirs. Array acoustic logging can be used for fracture evaluation to compensate for the deficiencies of the image logging fracture evaluation method. Therefore, to develop acoustic logging evaluation methods as well as nondestructive testing methods for fractures, experiments were conducted to study the shear wave transmission in fractured media. Experiment data demonstrate a good correlation between the shear wave attenuation coefficient and fracture width, and the shear wave attenuation coefficients rise logarithmically with the increase in the fracture width for all models with different porosities and distinct dip angles of fractures. The shear wave attenuation coefficient changes relatively faster with the fracture width when the fracture width is within 250 μm. In addition, the shear wave attenuation is affected by the core porosity and fracture dip angle. When the fracture width is constant, the shear wave attenuation caused by the 0° fracture is relatively larger and is obviously greater than that of the fractures at other angles, which is consistent with the existing experimental results. The results of this study can be used to guide further research on amplitude compensation methods for sonic signal transmission in fractured media and fracture evaluation methods.

The deep high-temperature, high-pressure Lower Cretaceous Bashijiqike sandstone (buried to depths as great as 6.5–7.1 km [21,325–23,293 ft]) is an important natural gas reservoir in Keshen gas field, Kuqa depression of the Tarim basin. Reservoir quality is a critical risk factor in the development of these ultradeep reservoirs. Integrated approaches incorporating routine core analyses and mineralogical, petrographic, and geochemical analyses have been used to investigate the diagenetic history of these rocks and their effect on reservoir quality with the aim to unravel the mechanisms for maintaining anomalously high porosities in sandstones that are buried to such a great depth. These sandstones are dominantly fine- to medium-grained, moderately to well-sorted lithic arkoses and feldspathic litharenite. Most primary pores have been lost by mechanical compaction or carbonate cementation, and the reduction of porosity by mechanical compaction was more significant than that by cementation. Dissolution of framework grains contributed to the enhancement of reservoir quality. Eogenetic diagenetic alterations mainly include mechanical compaction, precipitation of calcite cements, and grain-coating clays, and mesogenetic diagenesis is characterized by dissolution of framework grain by organic acids and subsequent precipitation of clay minerals and quartz. Infiltration of meteoric water related to teleodiagenesis would result in dissolution of the framework grains. The meteoric leaching events during teleodiagenesis are of great importance for the Bashijiqike sandstones. Grain-coating clay minerals (mixed-layer illite/smectite clays) help to preserve porosity at depth by retarding quartz cementation and pressure solution. The unique burial regime as early-stage shallow burial with late-stage rapid deep burial contributes to porosity preservation in eodiagenesis. Fluid overpressure caused by intense structural compression in the middle Himalayan movement retarded compaction and helped preserve porosity in the late rapid deep burial stage. Anomalously high porosities are mainly found in medium-grained, well-sorted sandstones with grain-coating clays but with low clay and carbonate cement content, of which the porosity is preserved primarily and enhanced secondarily. The lowest porosities are associated with sandstones that are tightly compacted or cemented with carbonates or rich in detrital matrix. Porosity–depth trends may vary significantly with lithofacies because of their differences in textural and compositional attributes. Five lithofacies are defined in terms of detrital composition and texture and type and degree of diagenesis. The reservoir quality prediction models of various litho-facies are constructed, and the results of this study provide insights into mechanisms for maintaining anomalously high porosity and permeability in high-temperature, high-pressure sandstone reservoirs and may help explain hydrocarbon distribution.