Nahit Saylak

Dermoid sinus (DS) is a rare congenital cutaneous malformation resulting from incomplete separation of the ectoderm from the neural tube during embryogenesis and is most commonly encountered in dogs along the dorsal midline. Atypical regional occurrences, including cranial localizations, are rare and may pose diagnostic and surgical challenges. This report describes a four-month-old male Pomeranian dog presenting with multiple progressive swellings within the parieto-occipital region of the head. Physical examination revealed firm, poorly demarcated masses without active drainage. Routine hematological and biochemical parameters were unremarkable. Surgical management consisted of complete excision of the lesions followed by reconstructive closure using a random-pattern advancement skin flap due to the extensive skin defect. Histopathological evaluation demonstrated a closed epithelial-lined lesion lacking communication with the epidermal surface, consistent with Type V DS, considering its localization within the parieto-occipital region of the head, the lesion was classified as subtype “b” (Type Vb DS). The postoperative course was uneventful, and no recurrence or wound healing issues were detected during the 12-month follow-up period. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this represents the first documented report of Type Vb DS in a Pomeranian dog with detailed long-term postoperative follow-up. These findings emphasize the importance of thorough surgical excision and appropriate reconstructive planning when managing extensive DS lesions in atypical cranial regions.

Objective: To evaluate the applicability and clinical effectiveness of a modified clamp‐rod internal fixation (M‐CRIF) system compared with conventional locking plate osteosynthesis in the treatment of feline corpus ilium fractures. Study design: Prospective, controlled clinical study. Animals: Thirty‐six client‐owned cats with corpus ilium fractures. Methods: Cats were randomly assigned to two groups: Group I (M‐CRIF, n = 18) and Group II (locking plate, n = 18). All fractures were stabilized with a lateral approach. Radiographic healing, sacral index (SI), and complications were assessed at postoperative days 21, 45, 60, and 120. Long‐term outcomes were assessed using owner questionnaires addressing mobility and defecation. Results: Fracture union was achieved in all cats. Healing scores increased over time in both groups ( p < .05). At day 45, Group I showed higher healing scores than Group II ( p = .002). Sacral index narrowing was lower in Group I ( p = .005). Implant‐related complications occurred in 22.2% (4/18) of cats in the plate group, including screw loosening and one revision surgery, whereas no screw loosening was observed in the M‐CRIF group. Preoperative neurological deficits were present in 22.2% of cats, decreasing to 5.5% postoperatively. Owner questionnaires indicated satisfactory mobility, although some discrepancies with clinical and radiographic findings were observed. Conclusion: The M‐CRIF system provided greater stability, fewer complications, and better preservation of the pelvic canal than locking plates. Clinical significance: This study is the first clinical evaluation of the M‐CRIF system in feline ilial fractures and demonstrates favorable outcomes, supporting its use as a reliable alternative to conventional plating.

Objective. In this case report, the long-term results of femoral head and neck excision (FHNE) surgical treatment for chronic coxofemoral dislocation in an adult ram with good genetics are presented. Materials and Methods. Although it is generally known that FHNE operation is successfully applied in animals with a body weight of less than 17 kg, the presented case study was performed on a ram with a body weight of 52 kg and to our knowledge, there is no previous report presenting the long-term results of FHNE operation in rams. Results. There are some studies in horses and species such as alpacas and these studies believe that FHNE will have positive results even in horses with different body weights. In general, FHNE is recommended even in large animals with genetic quality and the continuation of reproductive ability is possible. According to the long-term results of the present study, it was determined that the clinical results were positive and the continuation of reproductive ability continued but the radiographic images were not the same. Conclusion. according to the long-term results of this case weighing 52 kg, the FHNE operation is quite advantageous in terms of both easy applicability and cost, and the clinical results are satisfactory, thus it is saved from being offered for meat consumption and continues to be used as a breeding animal without any problems. It is aimed that the results of this case will contribute to clinical practice.

Surgical site infections (SSIs) remain a major concern in veterinary orthopedics, increasing morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Prolonged operative time is recognized as a significant risk factor for intraoperative contamination. This prospective study aimed to evaluate the time-dependent pattern of bacterial contamination during feline long bone osteosynthesis and to determine its association with operative duration. Ninety-two cats undergoing osteosynthesis for humeral, radial-ulnar, femoral, or tibial fractures were included. Standardized anesthetic and aseptic protocols were applied in all cases. Sterile swab samples were collected from the surgical site at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 minutes after exposure of the fracture site. Samples were cultured on tryptic soy agar and MacConkey agar, and colony-forming units were counted. No bacterial growth was detected at 0–30 minutes. Culture positivity rates were 2.2% at 45 minutes, 16.3% at 60 minutes, 35.3% at 75 minutes, and 66.7% at 90 minutes. Fisher’s Exact and Cochran-Armitage trend tests confirmed a statistically significant increase in contamination rates after 45 minutes (p < 0.05). Notably, cases with severe soft tissue trauma and subcutaneous hematoma, even without skin disruption, exhibited higher contamination rates and developed postoperative SSIs more frequently. These results highlight operative time as a critical factor influencing intraoperative contamination in feline orthopedics and emphasize the importance of minimizing unnecessary surgical delays, maintaining strict aseptic discipline, and considering prophylactic strategies for prolonged surgeries.

Sığırlarda anestezi yalnızca cerrahi müdahaleler için değil, tanısal ve obstetrik işlemler, kastrasyon, boynuz köreltilmesi gibi uygulamalar ve stres yönetimi açısından da büyük önem taşır. Çok kompartmanlı mide yapısı ve sınırlı solunum kapasitesi nedeniyle, sığırlarda anestezi bireyselleştirilmiş planlama ve dikkatli izlem gerektirir. Bunun yanı sıra atlarda da ağız ve diş muayenesi, endoskopi, gastroskopi ve rektal muayene, radyografi veya ultrasonografi gibi birçok küçük prosedürleri ve bazı cerrahi işlemleri gerçekleştirmek için sedasyon kullanılırken, genel anestezi genellikle invaziv cerrahi prosedürler için kullanılır. Bu bölümde, anestezi öncesi hazırlık, kullanılan farmakolojik ajanlar, genel anestezi protokolleri, komplikasyon yönetimi ve postoperatif bakım güncel literatür eşliğinde sunulmuştur. Anesthesia in cattle is of great importance not only for surgical interventions, but also for diagnostic and obstetric procedures, castration, dehorning, and stress management. Due to the multi-compartmental stomach structure and limited respiratory capacity, anesthesia in cattle requires individualized planning and careful monitoring. In addition, sedation is used in horses to perform many minor procedures such as oral and dental examination, endoscopy, gastroscopy and rectal examination, radiography or ultrasonography, and some surgical procedures, while general anesthesia is usually used for invasive surgical procedures. In this section, pre-anesthesia preparation, pharmacological agents used, general anesthesia protocols, complication management, and postoperative care are presented with current literature.

Veteriner Anestezi ve Ekipmanları Ersin TANRIVERDİ Özgür AKSOY Anestezi Öncesi Değerlendirme, Ventilasyon ve Monitörizasyon Candemir ÖZCAN Ayşe Başak DELLALBAŞI Genel Anestezi, Sedasyon, Analjezi ve Premedikasyon Uğur AYDIN İsa ÖZAYDIN Anestezide Ağrı Yönetimi ve Sıvı, Elektrolit ve Kan Bileşeni Solüsyonlarının Uygulaması Serkan BOZACI Ömer DENİZ Kenan Çağrı TÜMER Enjekte Edilebilir ve İnhalasyon Ajanların Anestezide Kullanımı Kerem YENER Küçük Hayvanlarda Anestezi Yönetimi Unal YAVUZ Büyük Hayvanlarda Genel Anestezi ve Yönetimi Sadık YAYLA Nahit SAYLAK Egzotik - Yaban Hayat ve Balıklarda Anestezi Yönetimi Mümin Gökhan ŞENOCAK Türlere Göre Lokal Anestezik ve Analjezik Teknikler Celal Şahin ERMUTLU Alican YILMAZ Kardiyovasküler ve Solunum Hastalığı Olan Hastaların Anestezi Yönetimi Ziya YURTAL Kadri KULUALP Karaciğer ve Böbrek Hastalığı Olan Hastaların Anestezi Yönetimi (Renal Replasman Tedavisi İçin Anestezik Hususlar) Latif Emrah YANMAZ Gebe Hayvanlarda Anestezi Yönetimi Berrak Işık SOYTURK Tarık ŞAFAK Pediatrik ve Geriatrik Hastalarda Anestezi Yönetimi Sıtkıcan OKUR Anestezi Acil Durumları ve Resüsitasyon Kurtuluş PARLAK Veteriner Anesteziyoloji Sorumlulukları ve Hayvan Refahı Eyüp Tolga AKYOL

Background: Coxofemoral dislocation accompanied by a contralateral long bone fracture is a rare and challenging orthopedic condition in feline patients. It typically resulted from high-rise syndrome, which involves falling from significant heights, and often required complex surgical and postoperative management. While femoral head and neck excision (FHNE) was a widely accepted salvage procedure for coxofemoral luxation, particularly when primary joint reconstruction was not feasible or economically viable, there had been limited information regarding its long-term functional outcomes in cases involving additional orthopedic trauma. In such multifocal injuries, optimal recovery depended not only on surgical precision but also on postoperative rehabilitation, neuromuscular adaptation, and caregiver compliance. The present study aimed to investigate and compare long-term clinical outcomes of FHNE alone and in combination with simultaneous fracture osteosynthesis in cats, using objective clinical data and subjective owner-reported evaluations. Materials, Methods & Results: This retrospective study reviewed the medical records of 72 cats diagnosed with traumatic unilateral coxofemoral dislocation between 2020 and 2024. Most injuries (82%) were associated with high-rise syndrome. Forty-eight cats (66.6%) that met the inclusion criteria were enrolled. Group I (GI, n = 14) underwent FHNE alone, and Group II (GII, n = 34) received FHNE combined with stabilization of contralateral long bone fractures using intramedullary pins, locking plates, or external fixators. Cats ranged from 1 to 9 years of age and were of both sexes. Follow-up evaluations continued over the long term, including physical examinations, gait observations, and standardized owner interviews. The early complication rate was 42.8% in GI and 17.6% in GII, whereas the total long-term complication rate across both groups was calculated as 25%. Functional outcomes in GII were significantly better during the initial two postoperative weeks (P < 0.05). GI cats displayed prolonged disuse of the operated limb, accompanied by moderate-to-severe muscle atrophy. In contrast, GII cats engaged both hind limbs earlier and showed milder atrophy and faster return to normal locomotion. Clinical evaluations confirmed reduced lameness and improved postural balance in GII. Owner feedback was consistent with these findings, indicating higher satisfaction, earlier weight bearing, and more complete recovery in GII. Discussion: The findings suggest that combining FHNE with concurrent fracture stabilization promotes earlier functional recovery and reduces muscle wasting in cases involving bilateral hindlimb injury. Bilateral limb usage may enhance symmetrical weight distribution, prevent disuse syndrome, and support neuromuscular adaptation during the rehabilitation period. Integrated surgical approaches, especially in polytrauma cases, appear crucial to restoring mobility and quality of life in feline patients. Moreover, strong alignment between clinical assessments and owner perceptions reinforces the value of incorporating subjective quality-of-life indicators in orthopedic outcome evaluations. The study also observed that early postoperative limb use had a positive impact on the overall recovery process. This therapeutic combination may serve as a practical and effective strategy for veterinarians managing multifocal orthopedic injuries in feline trauma patients, particularly those resulting from high-rise syndrome. Keywords: atrophy, cat, coxofemoral luxation, fracture, long-term FHNE results.

Background: Various tranquilizers and anesthetics are frequently used in horses for both ophthalmic and other examinations and many surgical procedures. Many tranquilizers and anesthetics increase intraocular pressure and tear volume. This study aimed to determine the effects of three different anesthetic protocols frequently preferred in horses on intraocular pressure and tear volume. Methods: These horses were divided into 3 groups, each consisting of 6 horses. Group I (AXK) was administered 0.05 mg/kg Acepromazine, 1.1 mg/kg Xylazine HCl and 2.2 mg/kg Ketamine HCl, Group II (XK) was administered 1.1 mg/kg Xylazine HCl and 2.2 mg/kg Ketamine HCl, Group III (DK) was administered 0.03 mg/kg Dexmedetomidine HCl and 2.2 mg/kg Ketamine HCl intravenously. Tear volume, intraocular pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate and rectal body temperature were measured and recorded in all horses constituting the groups before premedication, at 5th and 20th minute and after recovery from anesthesia. Result: From the study, it was determined that intraocular pressure decreased in all three groups during anesthesia, with slight increase in tear volume, but the data obtained were within the reference ranges. As a result, it is suggested that the three anesthesia procedures evaluated in this study can be used in ocular surgery in horses and in operative procedures of patients with high intraocular pressure.

Background: Quadriceps muscle contracture (QC) that develops because of orthopedic interventions in the distal femur, proximal tibia or knee joint is a difficult process and may require a new series of orthopedic surgeries. However, despite everything, the prognosis is considered poor. The use of various physical therapy methods in musculoskeletal system and pain control is becoming more common in veterinary practice. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), therapeutic ultrasound (TU) and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) applications in the treatment of QC in 1 cat and 6 dogs. Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted on 6 dogs and 1 cat diagnosed with QC. All animals had undergone previous surgery. TENS+TU+LLLT was applied to the animals in the study for physical therapy for 3 or 4 weeks. The findings of the study were found to be extremely satisfactory, in terms of opening the muscle contracture and regaining the use of the leg. After each case was examined clinically, the relevant extremity was evaluated orthopedically. The hip-knee joint, femur, tibia and surrounding soft tissues were examined. Quadriceps femoris muscle (QFM) tension, knee and knee joint range of motion, QFM atrophy, pain, hip joint function, abduction and adduction ranges were examined. In addition, the patient's history and the development of the disease were noted to determine the etiology. Additionally, craniocaudal and mediolateral X-ray images of the extremity were taken. The diagnosis of quadriceps contracture was made based on clinical examination findings. Physical therapy was then planned with TENS, TU and LLLT sequences. When the cases were evaluated, it was understood that some of them were caused by faulty/insufficient and malpractice practices (4 cases), while some (3 cases) developed QC due to the patient's inability to use their extremities. In all cases, the knee joint was stiff, and it was very difficult to move the joint. The quadriceps muscles were stiff and atrophied. No problems or difficulties were experienced in the implementation of physical therapy procedures. In the animals that the owner showed interest, it was noticed that the knee joint gap and contracture started to decrease after the 2nd session and the recommended passive movements were performed at home. In the other patients, there was a significant relief at the end of the 1st week. At the end of the 3rd week, the animal was able to use its extremities clinically and the owner was satisfied. No case required surgical treatment for QC. Discussion: Treatment options for QC, which often develops after incorrect or poor/insufficient orthopedic interventions, are limited even today. The patient remains in a situation that can lead to amputation of the relevant extremity. In addition, it is known that strain or hyperflexion movements during physical therapy will cause ruptures or fractures at the point where the muscle attaches to the tibia. In our study, different physical therapy applications such as TENS, TU and LLLT were used in combination without applying any force or pressure to the region. Of course, different doses and durations than the ones we chose could have been chosen, but the patient owner constantly stated that the patient's pain was relieved in our applications. In addition, it was clearly seen that the muscle contraction began to resolve significantly at the end of the 1st week of treatment and the knee joint range of motion began to increase. As a result, it should be known that in cases where QC develops, with effective physical therapy in the early period, the patient can regain his/her former health and surgery will not be necessary. Keywords: cats, dogs, low level laser therapy, LLLT, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, TENS, therapeutic ultrasound, TU.