Suwarno Suwarno

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious transboundary viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals that causes substantial economic losses worldwide. The re-emergence of FMD in Indonesia in 2022 after more than three decades of disease-free status has made continuous molecular surveillance essential for monitoring circulating foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strains and supporting effective control strategies. This study aimed to isolate FMDV serotype O from clinically affected cattle in East Java and to molecularly characterize the circulating field strains. A total of 29 clinical samples were collected from cattle with typical FMD lesions in four affected regencies in East Java in 2025. Virus isolation was performed using BHK-21 cell cultures, and viral infectivity was determined by the 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) assay. Viral RNA extracted from culture-positive isolates was analyzed by serotype O-specific reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the VP3 gene, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Infectious FMDV was successfully isolated from 18 of 29 samples (62.1%), with viral titers ranging from 5.7×105 to 3.7×107 TCID50/mL. All cytopathic effect-positive isolates were confirmed as FMDV serotype O by VP3-specific RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the representative isolates clustered within the O/ME-SA topotype, belonged to the Ind-2001e lineage, and were closely related to viruses associated with Indonesia's 2022 FMD outbreak. These findings provide updated molecular epidemiological evidence that the Ind-2001e lineage continues to circulate in East Java, and they highlight the importance of sustained molecular surveillance to monitor viral evolution and to support evidence-based FMD control and vaccine strain selection.

Community-based goat and sheep farming often faces challenges related to animal health management, feed technology, reproductive management, and breeding practices, which limit livestock productivity. This community service program aimed to improve farmers' knowledge and skills through integrated training covering animal health, feed technology, reproductive technology, and molecular breeding using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The program was implemented using lectures, interactive discussions, demonstrations, and pretest–posttest evaluations to assess participants' knowledge improvement. The results showed increased knowledge across all training topics. In animal health management, knowledge of infectious diseases, reproductive tract infections, and mineral and vitamin deficiencies increased by 30%, while knowledge of parasitic diseases increased by 20%. Feed technology training improved participants' understanding of agricultural waste utilization and feed fermentation by 10%, while knowledge of nutritional requirements and prevention of postnatal kid mortality increased by 20%. Reproductive technology training resulted in knowledge improvements ranging from 20% to 40%, with the highest increase observed in understanding reproductive organs (40%). In breeding training, knowledge of phenotypic selection increased by 10%, whereas understanding of genotypic selection using PCR increased by 40%. Overall, the integrated training effectively enhanced farmers' knowledge and provided practical skills that support sustainable goat and sheep production. Continuous mentoring and technology adoption are recommended to maximize the long-term impact of the training program on livestock productivity and farmer welfare.

This study analysed the hematological profile of wild boars on Timor Island as a physiological reference. Blood from 10 healthy adult wild boars (5 males and 5 females, 3–5 years, 15–30 kg) was collected via the jugular vein and analysed. Leukocyte counts were lower than reference values, with elevated neutrophils and reduced lymphocytes and eosinophils. Monocyte and basophil levels remained within normal range. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (4.15) indicated physiological stress. Erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and PCV exceeded reference values, while MCV, MCH, and MCHC were normal. Variations may reflect genetic, environmental, nutritional, seasonal, geographic,and handling stress factors.

Background and Aim: Aeromonas hydrophila is a zoonotic, antimicrobial-resistant pathogen that causes significant losses in aquaculture and raises important One Health concerns. Outer membrane protein (OMP)–based subunit vaccines provide a targeted, antibiotic-sparing alternative to traditional bacterins, but validation across mammalian species remains limited. This study assessed the immunogenicity, safety, and protective effectiveness of a native ~34 kDa Omp34 (nOmp34) subunit vaccine in BALB/c mice, comparing it to a formalin-killed cell (FKC) vaccine, and examined immune factors that may predict survival. Materials and Methods: Female BALB/c mice (n = 13 per group) received subcutaneous injections of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), FKC, FKC + incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA), or native Omp34 + IFA on days 0, 14, and 28. Immune responses were assessed by measuring anti-Omp34 immunoglobulin (Ig)G2a levels via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, serum lysozyme activity, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) respiratory burst, and phagocytic activity at specified intervals up to day 42. On day 42, mice were challenged intraperitoneally with a lethal dose of A. hydrophila, causing 80% mortality, and observed for 14 days for survival, clinical scores, and body weight changes. Data analysis involved analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc tests, mixed-effects modeling, Spearman correlation, receiver operating characteristic curves, logistic regression, and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Results: By day 42, all immune biomarkers showed clear separation (nOmp34+IFA > FKC + IFA > PBS; p < 0.05). NBT demonstrated the strongest correlation with survival (ρ ≈ 0.90) and the highest predictive performance (Area under the curve [AUC] ≈ 0.80), exceeding IgG2a and phagocytosis (AUC ≈ 0.70). Post-challenge survival rates were 84.6% for nOmp34 + IFA, 61.5% for FKC + IFA, and 23.1% for PBS, corresponding to relative percent survival values of 80% and 50% compared to PBS. The direct comparison between nOmp34 and FKC revealed a favorable but not statistically significant survival benefit (p = 0.238). Vaccination was well-tolerated, with stable body weight, minimal reactogenicity, and no severe clinical events. Conclusion: The nOmp34 subunit vaccine elicited a strong, coordinated humoral and innate immune response, surpassing the matched bacterin in both efficacy and immune strength. NBT activity between days 35–42 proved to be a practical indicator of protection, aligning mechanistically with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate -oxidase–mediated bacterial killing. These findings offer proof-of-concept for Omp34 as a scalable, antibiotic-sparing vaccine candidate and support its progression into aquaculture-relevant platforms within a One Health framework. Keywords: Aeromonas hydrophila, nOmp34 subunit vaccine, IgG2a enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reactive oxygen species, phagocytic activity, protective efficacy, Life below water.

Background and Aim: Biofilm-forming Aeromonas hydrophila represents a critical constraint in aquaculture, driving recurrent infections, environmental persistence, and antimicrobial resistance. Sustainable alternatives to antibiotics are urgently needed. This study evaluated the multiphase antibiofilm activity of chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) synthesized from Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp shells against clinical A. hydrophila isolates from Indonesian gourami (Osphronemus gouramy), focusing on their effects during biofilm adhesion, planktonic proliferation, and mature biofilm degradation. Materials and Methods: Between February 2024 and March 2025, diseased gourami were sampled from aquaculture sites in Surabaya, Indonesia. Three wild-type A. hydrophila isolates (A1G1, A2G1, A3G1) were confirmed via biochemical and 16S rRNA sequencing. ChNPs were synthesized through ionic gelation of deacetylated chitosan with sodium tripolyphosphate and characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses. Antibiofilm efficacy was tested at concentrations of 15–45 μg mL⁻¹ using crystal violet staining (optical density [OD]₅₉₅) for adhesion and degradation phases, and turbidity (OD₆₀₀) for planktonic inhibition. Data were analyzed using one- and two-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s post hoc test. Results: ChNPs exhibited spherical morphology (≈641 nm; ζ = +51 mV) and stable ionic crosslinking. They significantly inhibited adherent biomass formation (p < 0.05), reducing OD₅₉₅ from 0.787 to 0.317 in the most responsive strain A3G1 (> 59 % inhibition). Planktonic growth (OD₆₀₀) declined dose-dependently (63 % inhibition at 45 μg mL⁻¹), with significant strain–concentration interactions (p < 0.01). Mature biofilm degradation reached 63% at 45 μg mL⁻¹, approaching the level of the antibiotic-treated control. SEM and FTIR data supported electrostatic disruption and extracellular polymeric substance penetration as probable mechanisms. Conclusion: Shrimp-shell–derived ChNPs effectively suppressed A. hydrophila biofilms at multiple developmental stages, demonstrating a potent, biodegradable alternative for the control of aquaculture pathogens. Their integration into eco-friendly, antibiotic-free disease management aligns with circular bioeconomy and One Health frameworks. Further in vivo validation and formulation optimization are warranted. Keywords: Chitosan nanoparticles, Aeromonas hydrophila, biofilm inhibition, planktonic suppression, aquaculture biocontrol, One Health, circular bioeconomy.

Graphical Abstract Highlight Research Adjuvanted polyvalent FKC elicited the strongest and most sustained multi-arm immune response in Osphronemus goramy compared with monovalent and non-adjuvanted vaccines. The lead formulation combined high agglutinating antibody titres with enhanced NBT respiratory burst, indicating synergistic humoral–innate activation against Aeromonas hydrophila. Polyvalent vaccines did not dilute immunogenicity; instead, strain combination plus adjuvant broadened and amplified immune responsiveness. Longitudinal profiling of il-1β and ifn-γ revealed a stable pro-inflammatory/Th1-like cytokine signature uniquely associated with the adjuvanted polyvalent FKC. The integrated immunological “fingerprint” supports the adjuvanted polyvalent FKC as a rational lead candidate for motile Aeromonas septicaemia control in warm-water gourami aquaculture. Abstract Motile Aeromonas septicaemia (MAS), predominantly associated with Aeromonas hydrophila, remains a major constraint in giant gourami (Osphronemus goramy) aquaculture. This study evaluated formalin-inactivated A. hydrophila vaccines prepared from MAS-associated field isolates, comparing a monovalent formulation (P2), a non-adjuvanted polyvalent formulation (P3), and an oil-adjuvanted polyvalent formulation (P4) against PBS controls (P1). A total of 240 fish were used (60 per treatment) and assigned to two parallel cohorts (immunology and survival/challenge). Immune endpoints (agglutinating titres, NBT activity, and splenic il-1β and ifn-γ transcription) were assessed on days 7, 14, 21, 35, and 42 post-vaccination. The survival cohort was challenged intraperitoneally at day 21 with a homologous A. hydrophila strain and monitored for 14 days post-challenge. Vaccination was clinically well tolerated and improved survival relative to controls, with P4 showing the highest protection (RPS 81.8%). Agglutinating titres differed by treatment and time; at the peak sampling point (day 35), mean titres in P4 were ~200-fold higher than in P1, and model contrasts indicated significant differences versus controls (p<0.001). Splenic il-1β and ifn-γ transcript levels were higher in vaccinated groups than in controls at later time points. These findings support further evaluation of an oil-adjuvanted polyvalent inactivated A. hydrophila vaccine for gourami, including dose optimisation, extended safety assessment, heterologous challenge, and field validation.

Translating resistance, biofilm, and virulence readouts into actionable control requires accurate species delimitation and fine-scale phylogrouping of A. hydrophila from gourami aquaculture. Nine isolates were sequenced at 16S (~1505 bp), rpoB (~558 bp), and gyrB (~1103 bp); species calls required ≥98.7% identity and ≥95% coverage for 16S plus ≥95% identity in ≥1 housekeeping gene vs type strains. ML (UFBoot=1000) and Bayesian (BPP) trees used locus partitioning. Susceptibility followed CLSI VET03/VET04 (2020); MAR = resistant/total agents. Biofilm (24 h) used crystal-violet OD. A conspecific LD50 challenge in juvenile Osphronemus goramy estimated LD50 (95% CI) by Reed–Muench. The bench-marks showed a stable hierarchy, gyrB (95–100% concordance; median UFBoot 95–100; BPP 0.98–1.00; 3–5 subclades; 0–1/N corrections) ≥ rpoB (90–97%; 93–100; 0.98–1.00; 3–4; 0–1/N) » 16S (70–85%; 70–90; 0.85–0.98; 1–2; 1–3/N); concatenation (gyrB + rpoB) corrected 16S misplacements. Ciprofloxacin remained fully active; doxycycline was variably active; several older classes were largely ineffective, yielding high MAR. Biofilm attachment varied by gyrB-defined phylogroup. The gourami challenge yielded LD50 ≈3–5 × 10⁵ CFU/mL with dose-dependent mortality. A “gyrB-first, rpoB-reinforced, concatenation-adjudicated” pipeline balances accuracy and throughput for diagnostics, while linking phylogroups to MAR, 24 h biofilm, and gourami LD50 supports control strategies in gourami aquaculture.

The quality of fresh milk based on SNI 2011 regarding fresh milk requirements includes physical, chemical and the number of microorganisms. One of the physical properties of milk can be seen from the density test. The chemical properties of milk can be seen from the lactose and fat rate. The lactose test is by means of titration of the filtrate resulting from filtering milk which is free from any content other than lactose. Density test using a lactodensimeter. Fat test using the Gerber method. From the results of research on the quality of cow's milk which was carried out using the lactose test approach, density and fat obtain average results of 3.98% of lactose rate, 1.0259 g/ml of density and 2.7% of the at rate in VUC Kertajaya is good and close to the criteria according to SNI 2011. This can affect the selling price of milk from farmers in VUC Kertajaya.

Blitar Raya (Kota dan Kabupaten) merupakan salah satu kantong ternak di Jawa Timur. Merebaknya kasus PMK (Penyakit Mulut dan Kuku) dan LSD (Lumpy Skin Disease) menyebabkan turunnya populasi ternak. Kasus yang dihadapi pemerintah setempat masih adanya kasus PMK dan LSD meskipun vaksinasi dan biosekuriti sudah dilakukan. Dampak lain akibat kedua jenis penyakit tersebut adalah menurunnya produksi susu dan gangguan reproduksi. Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat ini dilakukan untuk memberikan penyuluhan terkait materi tentang Virologi (program vaksinasi dan biosekuriti) dan Reproduksi ternak (deteksi birahi dan repeat breeding). Peserta kegiatan ini adalah para Dokter Hewan dan Paramedis yang ada di wilayah Blitar Raya. Ceramah dan diskusi dilakukan dengan mengundang para peserta untuk mengikuti kegiatan penyuluhan di ruang pertemuan RM Bu Mamik Kota Blitar. Materi disajikan dalam bentuk power point menggunakan LCD. Di akhir diskusi peserta diberikaan soal dalam bentuk kuesioner, dengan topik materi tentang Virologi dan Reproduksi. Topik materi Virologi dibagi lagi menjadi subtopik vaksinasi dan biosekuriti, sedangkan topik materi Reproduksi dibagi menjadi subtopik deteksi birahi dan repeat breeding. Penilaian kuesiononer didasarkan atas jawaban benar-salah dan kemampuan peserta di dalam menganalisis topik dan subtopik yang diberikan. Penilaian didasarkan atas pengetahuan peserta beda strata pendidikan terhadap materi yang diujikan. Kesimpulan dari hasil penilaian adalah strata pendidikan dan pengalaman lapangan memiliki peran penting di dalam menguasai topik materi penyuluhan.

Background and Aim: Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is highly contagious in cloven-hoofed animals, and it causes outbreaks in Indonesia and several countries worldwide. This disease is caused by the FMD virus (FMDV), which belongs to the genus Aphthovirus and family Picornaviridae. In 1990, the World Organization for Animal Health Office International des Epizooties recognized Indonesia as an FMD-free country. A new FMDV outbreak in Indonesia was reported in April 2022 and confirmed in May 2022, resulting in economic losses to the beef cattle sector. This study aimed to determine the genotype and amino acid content of viral proteins (VP1) gene. Materials and Methods: Samples were obtained from vesicle swabs from the mouth and feet of cattle in Banyuwangi Regency, Lamongan Regency, and Surabaya City, East Java, Indonesia. Samples were identified using one-step reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction with a pair of specific primers encoding the VP1O serotype with a target of 1165 bp. Results: Sequencing revealed that the FMDV subtype belonged to the O/ME-SA/Ind2001e. Phylogenetic analysis showed that our isolate was 100% amino acid-identical to the Indonesian outbreak isolates from 2022 and 95% identical to isolates from Southeast Asia. The amino acid substitutions found in the G-H Loop of the VP1were S134C, D138E, T140A, and A156T. Only the K135Q mutation was detected in Lamongan. Conclusion: The spread of the subtype O/ME-SA/Ind2001e in South-east Asia caused an outbreak in Indonesia due to less stringent animal traffic control measures. Surveillance studies and whole-genome sequence analyses are important for monitoring FMDV genetics in Indonesia. Keywords: cattle, foot and mouth disease virus, Indonesia, phylogenetic tree, viral proteins 1.