Guangsuo Yu

To address the challenge of simultaneously improving CO2 conversion and methanol selectivity in In2O3-based catalysts, a series of nIn/S-1 catalysts were constructed to investigate the influence of InOx/S-1 heterojunctions on CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. Among them, 25In/S-1 exhibited the best overall performance, achieving a CO2 conversion of 9.2%, a methanol selectivity of 78%, and an STYMeOH of 0.54 gMeOH·h-1·gcat-1. In 25In/S-1, well-dispersed InOx species were in intimate contact with S-1 to construct an InOx/S-1 heterojunction, accompanied by lattice contraction of In2O3. The interfacial Si-O-In structure facilitated electron migration from In species toward interfacial O sites, thereby promoting the generation of electron-rich oxygen vacancies. The InOx/S-1 heterojunction further regulated CO2/H2 adsorption behavior, where moderate-strength CO2 adsorption and abundant moderately adsorbed H species favored CO2 activation followed by hydrogenation reactions. In situ DRIFTS revealed the formation and transformation of HCOO* and CH3O* intermediates, supporting the stepwise hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol through the formate pathway. These findings highlighted the role of InOx/S-1 heterojunction-induced interfacial regulation in tuning the electronic structure, oxygen vacancy environment, reactant adsorption, and intermediate conversion behavior of In2O3-based catalysts, providing insights into the development of advanced catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol.

Biomass molten salt pyrolysis provides a new pathway for biomass-solar synergy and holds promise for continuous biomass thermochemical conversion via molten salt photothermal storage. In this study, a directly irradiated visualized molten salt pyrolysis apparatus was constructed to investigate the thermal conversion behavior of cattle manure in a molten salt medium. The effects of molten salt type (chloride and carbonate) and placement mode (separated and mixed) on pyrolysis characteristics, gas- and liquid-phase product composition distributions, and solid-phase product structural properties were examined. Real-time thermocouple measurement combined with visualized image acquisition revealed the temperature evolution of the feedstock bed and material transformation process. Results showed that molten salt significantly enhanced the heating rate under direct irradiation, with chloride salts exhibiting superior thermal conduction. Compared with conventional pyrolysis, molten salts exhibited significant catalytic effects on both primary and secondary cracking, promoting gas generation while suppressing bio-oil generation and regulating their composition distributions. This catalytic effect was more pronounced under mixed placement than under layered placement, mainly attributed to the synergistic influence of heat transfer and product mass transfer. Visualized observations further revealed that volatile permeation into the molten salt layer intensified secondary cracking. Compared with chloride salts, carbonate salts exhibited stronger catalysis, significantly enhancing gas generation (H2 yield increased by 92.83–129.88%) while markedly reducing tar and char yields and altering biochar structure. Based on product generation characteristics, a reaction mechanism for photothermal-driven molten salt-assisted cattle manure pyrolysis was proposed, offering new insights into coupling solar energy with biomass thermochemical conversion.

Soot is widely present in combustion systems, yet its oxidation mechanisms remain unclear due to complex internal structures. Core–shell soot models with different maturity levels are constructed using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the effects of reaction conditions on soot oxidation behavior are revealed by large-scale molecular simulations. Competition between internal oxygen diffusion and heterogeneous carbon oxidation governs reactivity. Upon annealing at 1600 °C for 4 h and with increasing soot maturity, the complete oxidation time increases by 49.5%, while the peak reaction rate decreases by 55.1%, indicating stronger resistance of ordered structures to oxygen transport. A three-region oxidation criterion is proposed, including an oxygen-limited stage, a rapid core oxidation stage, and a residual shell oxidation stage. Lower temperatures and pressures favor internal preferential oxidation, whereas higher severity promotes shrinking-core behavior. These results establish a structure-condition-reactivity relationship and enable prediction of oxidation-mode transitions and optimization of soot conversion.

With the large-scale development and utilization of solar energy resources, the number of end-of-life photovoltaic (PV) modules has grown rapidly, and their green recovery and resource utilization have become an urgent challenge. In this study, a chloroaluminate ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloroaluminate (AlCl3/[BMIM]Cl, denoted as BmA), was employed as the reaction medium to explore an efficient method for PV panel delamination under mild conditions. The effects of ionic liquid molar ratio, reaction temperature, and concentration on the separation performance were systematically investigated. The results demonstrate that complete delamination of 4.3 cm × 3.8 cm PV panel slices into glass, silicon cells, backsheet, and electrode grids can be achieved at 20 °C within 4 h, while the ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) encapsulant is concurrently decomposed into hydrocarbon liquid products. Increasing the reaction temperature significantly accelerates the separation rate, and a higher molar fraction of AlCl3 in the ionic liquid leads to superior separation efficiency. Scale-up experiments further validated the effectiveness of this system for the separation of a full-sized PV panel (31 cm × 21 cm). Moreover, using commercial EVA powder along with n-dodecane (representing the main-chain C–C skeleton) and isopropyl acetate (representing the side-chain ester groups) as model compounds, combined with in-situ FTIR, TG-MS, and GC-MS analyses, the mild decomposition mechanism of EVA in the chloroaluminate ionic liquid was elucidated. This study provides both theoretical foundation and technical reference for the development of green and low-carbon recycling processes for end-of-life PV modules under ambient conditions.

The technology of catalytic gasification represents a crucial approach for the clean and efficient utilization of coal. This study employed in situ Raman spectroscopy to perform online characterization of the carbon skeleton structural evolution of Char particles during CO ₂ gasification. This study also combined image processing software and FTIR spectroscopy analysis to reveal the evolution characteristics of carbon skeleton and O‐containing structures during Char gasification. The results show that K2CO3‐loaded Char exhibits a higher adsorption capacity of O from CO ₂ , and the formation rate of O‐containing functional groups is faster than that of unloaded Char during the gasification process. In addition, the content of I _{(GR + VL + VR)} /I _D gradually decreases during the gasification process. K ₂ CO ₃ ‐loaded Char exhibits a higher concentration of small aromatic rings (2 CO ₃ promoted the cracking of aromatic rings and the cleavage of long aliphatic chains during the gasification process, which is beneficial for maintaining the structural disorder of Char, providing theoretical support for the industrial application and efficient operation of catalytic coal gasification technology.

The growth of the petroleum and chemical industries has increased the production of petroleum coke (PC) and oily sludge (OS), creating environmental challenges. Co‐slurry gasification of PC and OS offers a clean solution for resource utilization and harmless treatment. However, the stability mechanisms of petroleum coke‐sludge slurry (PCSS) remain poorly understood, which is key to optimizing slurry preparation and gasification. In this study, oil, solid, and water were separated from OS, and their effects on slurry rheology were analyzed. The results show that adding OS from 1 wt.% to 20 wt.% causes the apparent viscosity to first decrease and then increase by 208 mPa · s, with the lowest viscosity and best stability at 10 wt.% OS in PC. The oil phase improves flowability by lubricating and dispersing particles but increases thixotropic behaviour. The solid phase stabilizes the slurry by forming a skeletal structure and preventing sedimentation, though it increases viscosity due to internal friction. Porous sludge particles create a stabilizing network between PC particles. This study provides theoretical support for the industrial application of OS and PC co‐slurry gasification.