Hasnain Anjum

The human microbiome plays a pivotal role in immune modulation, and its influence on the development and progression of cancer has gained increasing recognition. Based on the concept of cancer immunotherapy, personalized approaches are extensively explored to address the limitations and challenges associated with achieving optimal treatment outcomes. This review examines the emerging field of customized probiotics and their profound impact on tailoring cancer immunotherapies. It provides an overview of cancer immunotherapies, the intricate relationship between the microbiome and cancer, and the concept of dysbiosis in disease progression. By delving into the mechanisms through which probiotics modulate the microbiome, this review highlights the evidence supporting their potential application in treating cancer patients. The review also emphasizes the rationale behind personalized probiotics in cancer treatment, discussing strategies for tailoring probiotics to individual patients with case studies demonstrating their efficacy. In addition, it explores the underlying synergistic mechanisms between probiotics and immunotherapies, focusing on their effects on the tumor microenvironment and immune cell activity. Challenges and ethical considerations are addressed, including the potential risks associated with personalized probiotics, and future directions for research and clinical applications are proposed. Finally, the clinical implications and translational potential of integrating personalized probiotics into cancer treatment protocols are examined, emphasizing the need for standardized approaches and regulatory considerations. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of personalized probiotics in shaping the landscape of cancer immunotherapies, paving the way for innovative and tailored therapeutic interventions.

Mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) such as dengue, malaria, and chikungunya are common in Bangladesh, with frequent outbreaks in the rainy season. Analysis of the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of people toward any crisis is fundamental to addressing any gap. Here, we conducted a cross-sectional study mainly focusing on the northern, southern and central parts of Bangladesh to understand the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of people regarding MBDs, mosquito habitats, or control measures. A total of 1720 participants were involved in the study from 33 out of 64 districts of Bangladesh, of which 56.9% were male. While most of them knew about dengue (97.1%), chikungunya (81.4%), and malaria (85.2%), only half of them were aware of filaria (53.3%), which is endemic to the northern region. A knowledge score (0–8, low), (9–16, moderate), (17–24, high), and attitude score (0–4, poor), (5–8, moderate), and (9–13, high) were assigned. While poor and moderate attitudes were considered negative, good attitudes were considered positive. About 45% of the respondents had a moderate knowledge score (50–70); however, about 67.9% of participants showed a good attitude score (>70) towards the control of MBDs. It was found that the knowledge and attitude of the responders were related to their profession (knowledge p < 0.001; attitude, p = 0.002), residential area (knowledge p < 0.001; attitude, p < 0.001), and education level (knowledge p < 0.001; attitude p = 0.004). A mosquito is a kind of nuisance bug, and about 79.8% of responders admitted that they kill mosquitoes as soon as they notice them. They also use bed nets (93.7%) followed by mosquito coils (85.7%) as a preventive method. Interestingly, 73.2% of the responders were reluctant to contact the local government during an increase in mosquito numbers. Overall, the people of Bangladesh have a positive attitude towards the prevention of mosquito-borne diseases. It is highly recommended that the government creates more knowledge regarding this issue and develops collaborative approaches with local people to implement robust preventive measures against mosquito-borne diseases.