Valentine Tsapenko

Continuous monitoring of atmospheric air quality in the vicinity of energy facilities ‒ thermal power plants (TPPs) and combined heat and power plants (CHPPs) ‒ is a critically important task for ensuring environmental safety and compliance with regulatory requirements. Such facilities are major stationary sources of pollutant emissions, including nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and fine particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), whose concentrations directly affect public health. This paper addresses the development of a hybrid multisensor system architecture for atmospheric air pollution monitoring in the vicinity of energy facilities. A general review and comparative analysis of multisensor monitoring system architectures ‒ local, distributed (centralized and decentralized), and hybrid ‒ have been conducted. The characteristic features, advantages, and limitations of each system type are identified, and the optimal areas of their application are determined. Based on the review results, a hybrid monitoring system architecture has been proposed, combining the advantages of local and distributed approaches on the principles of distributed data acquisition with integrated centralized processing, ensuring scalability and effective air quality control within the zone of influence of energy infrastructure. The structure of a multisensor system module based on the ESP8266EX microcontroller has been developed, incorporating a comprehensive set of low-cost sensors for simultaneous measurement of PM2.5, PM10, CO, NO₂, NH₃, SO₂, O₃, CH₂O, and CO₂ concentrations, as well as temperature, relative humidity, and atmospheric pressure. The module includes dedicated functional units for geolocation, data storage and backup, status indication, and secure Wi-Fi communication. The proposed structure ensures energy efficiency, scalability, and the capability of integrating artificial intelligence algorithms for pollution dynamics forecasting. Keywords: multisensor monitoring system, atmospheric air pollution, energy facilities, hybrid architecture, IoT, low-cost sensors, ESP8266.

Reducing heat loss in buildings is a critically important task in the context of increasing energy efficiency and complying with modern environmental standards, particularly given the rising cost of energy resources. The aim of this study is comprehensive assessment of infiltration and transmission heat losses, taking into account the influence of external factors and the structural features of buildings. To achieve this, numerical modeling of thermal processes, analytical calculations, and experimental methods were used, such as thermographic analysis and airtightness measurements. Based on the analysis of the obtained geometric parameters and thermophysical material properties, a calculation of heat losses through wall, window, and door structures was performed, specifically considering external factors such as wind speed, atmospheric pressure, and temperature differences. The study found that infiltration heat losses are highly dependent on the airtightness of the building envelope and can account for 10–15 % of total losses. The investigation of heat loss through windows confirmed the need to improve regulatory approaches for assessing their heat transfer. It was established that calculations based on current standards which affects up to 25 %, which affects the accuracy of energy audits. Transmission losses depend on the thermal resistance of the building envelope, and standard calculation methods can overestimate them by 17–51 %. It was found that with an increase in wind speed up to 20 m/s, heat losses grow by 20–30 %, which confirms the necessity of accounting for mixed convection regimes. Comparing the obtained experimental data with the calculation results allowed for the evaluation of errors in existing regulatory methods and the refinement of calculation approaches for determining heat losses. This study confirms the need to improve building heat loss assessment methods, considering the specific air permeability of materials. The results of this research can be used to improve methods for the energy analysis of buildings, develop more effective strategies for the thermal modernization of the building stock, and create scientifically-based recommendations for reducing energy consumption. Keywords: air permeability, energy efficiency, airtightness, building envelope, infiltration heat losses, transmission heat losses, thermal imaging inspection.

This publication investigates the influence of external factors on the readings of heat flow sensors located at different distances from the heat source. ARIMA models with Gaussian distributions and t-distribution were used for the analysis, as well as Quantile-Quantile plots to assess the appropriateness of the distribution of model residuals. It was found that the influence of external factors varies significantly depending on the distance of the sensor to the heat source, which is confirmed by the results of the analysis. Sensors located closer to the heat source showed greater sensitivity to environmental changes, while sensors at a greater distance showed more stable readings. The obtained results emphasize the importance of taking into account external factors during the placement and operation of heat flow sensors to ensure maximum measurement accuracy.

The article presents the results of the study of the supporting characteristics of the human foot. The biomechanics of the foot is always considered in terms of its support and spring function. Overloading of the systems that support the arch - impaired foot function, distorts the overall motor stereotype, there are unwanted redistributions of forces and overload, which are transmitted to other parts of the musculoskeletal system, resulting in pathology. The leading place among diseases of the musculoskeletal system is occupied by various deformations of the feet. Diagnosis of human posture would not be complete without measuring and assessing the state of support and spring properties of the foot. Clinical analysis of movement and posturological examination are required to objectively assess the distribution of the load caused by human body weight and its effect on locomotion. When analyzing the loads on the foot, it is necessary to consider shocks as one of the types of dynamic loads. An analysis of the scientific literature has shown that the supporting properties of the foot have not been fully studied. However, most domestic and foreign researchers agree that to influence the proper formation of the arch of the foot is much more effective than preventive methods in childhood. Therefore, it is very important to identify existing deviations of foot deformities in children and to determine effective means of its correction. The purpose of the study is to increase the accuracy of estimating the biomechanical parameters of the human foot by assessing the impact of reference loads on the relevant phases of the step cycle. The subject of research is biomechanical, namely the supporting characteristics of the foot. The problem is solved by developing a new comprehensive method of analysis of the reference load, which allows you to assess the static and dynamic component of the load on the foot and is to determine the support characteristics. Several groups of subjects were selected as the object of study: control (relatively healthy) and III experimental groups with impaired foot function of varying degrees. In the course of research conducted in this work, it was found that the maximum contact per unit time has the front part (repulsion phase), then - the rear part (landing phase) and the lowest - the middle part of the foot (rolling phase). The greater the speed and length of the step, the greater the coefficient of shock loads, and their peak falls on the front and rear sections. It was found that in subjects with a shortening of the length of one of the lower extremities, with increasing difference in length increases the total load on the supporting limb, and decreases the force of the frontal shock. It is proved that the support force factor (static and dynamic component) can be used as a diagnostic criterion that affects the determination of foot deformity. Based on the calculation of the coefficients of determination, it is assumed that the presence of a certain deformation of the foot depends in part on the factor of support force. The practical significance of the obtained results is to improve the existing methods of studying biomechanical parameters by comprehensively assessing the peculiarities of standing and walking, step cycle and support-spring properties of the foot. Also, the results can be used in research and serve as an expert assessment of functional disorders in patients with lesions of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems, vestibular disorders.

АНАЛІЗ ВПЛИВУ РІЗНИЦІ ДОВЖИНИ НИЖНІХ КІНЦІВОК НА БІОМЕХАНІЧНІ ПАРАМЕТРИ ХОДИ

У даній статті приведено результати досліджень зміни електропровідності біологічної структури під впливом імпульсного електричного струму в різних частотних діапазонах. В якості біозразків було використано м’язову тканину свині (лат. Suidae) та живого дощового черв’яка (лат. Lumbricina)