Sarah Monserrat Lomelí-Martínez

Objective This updated meta-analysis evaluated salivary alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in individuals with gingivitis and periodontitis compared to periodontally healthy individuals. Materials and methods The review followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251273461). Searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Google Scholar. Methodological quality was assessed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model with Review Manager (RevMan) version 5.4.1 and STATA version 19. Results Twenty studies (n = 1459) were included; twelve were eligible for meta-analysis. No statistically significant differences emerged in salivary ALP levels between gingivitis and healthy controls (p = 0.15) or between those with gingivitis and periodontitis (p = 0.18). However, individuals with periodontitis had significantly higher salivary ALP levels compared to periodontally healthy individuals (MD = 44.62 [95% CI: 22.55 to 66.69]; p = 0.0010), with high heterogeneity (I² = 100%). The included studies demonstrated variable methodological quality according to the JBI criteria, and the GRADE certainty was very low. Conclusions Current data suggest an association between elevated salivary ALP levels and periodontitis, although methodological heterogeneity requires cautious interpretation and underscores the need for well-designed, standardized future research.

This systematic review aimed to: (1) identify the splicing variants of IL23R and IL17RA reported in the literature; (2) perform a multiple alignment analysis to describe the isoforms of IL‐23R and IL‐17RA; and (3) compare the expression levels of IL‐23R, IL‐17RA, and their soluble isoforms (sIL‐23R and sIL‐17RA) in patients with periodontitis and periodontally healthy individuals. The study protocol followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO ( CRD420251267367 ). Six databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Google Scholar) were searched without restrictions on year or language. The descriptors used were: ‘Interleukin‐23 Receptor,’ ‘IL‐23R,’ ‘Interleukin‐17 Receptor A’ ‘IL‐17RA,’ ‘Alternative Splicing,’ ‘Splice Variants,’ ‘Isoforms,’ and ‘Periodontitis.’ The bioinformatics analysis was performed using CLUSTALW (V.1.83), InterPro and DeepTMHMM. Risk of bias was assessed with the QUIN and JBI tools for cross‐sectional studies. Of 104 articles, four in vitro studies and eight cross‐sectional studies were included. Qualitative analysis revealed that to date there are 32 splicing variants of the IL23R gene, while only one splicing variant has been reported for IL17RA . CLUSTALW, InterPro and DeepTMHMM analysis showed that these splicing variants result in 23 isoforms which can be soluble forms, complete intracellular peptides, truncated extracellular or intracellular peptides, or complete structures with truncated extracellular and/or intracellular domains. All studies had a low risk of bias. IL‐23R and IL‐17RA exhibit structural diversity resulting from alternative splicing, with IL‐23R demonstrating significantly greater isoform complexity. However, the biological significance of these isoforms in periodontitis remains unclear and requires further investigation.

Oral pyogenic granuloma (OPG) is a benign vascular proliferation that presents as a solitary, pedunculated, or sessile lesion, associated with irritative factors. Various systemic disorders, particularly type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), may contribute to its onset and progression through inflammatory and endothelial mechanisms. This clinical case report describes a 63-year-old male with a history of controlled hypertension and DM2 with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of 7.97%, diagnosed with stage III, grade C generalized periodontitis. Therapeutic management began with periodontal phase I, including personalized oral hygiene instructions and scaling and root planning. After re-evaluation at 5 weeks, an excisional biopsy of the hyperplastic lesion was performed. Histopathological analysis confirmed OPG. The postoperative course was favorable, with proper healing at 15 days. Recent studies indicate that T2DM exacerbates periodontal inflammation through advanced glycation end-products and receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) signaling, accelerating OPG progression. Multidisciplinary approaches, including glycemic optimization, improve outcomes in these comorbidities.

The association between periodontal diseases and gastrointestinal conditions, particularly those associated with Helicobacter pylori and systemic inflammation, has garnered increased scientific attention because of its clinical and public health implications. These diseases, which affect both the oral cavity and the digestive system, have shared pathophysiological mechanisms that link inflammatory processes and bacterial transmission pathways. The possible presence of H. pylori in the oral cavity has sparked interest regarding its potential colonization of periodontal tissues and acting as an extragastric reservoir. This narrative review describes H. pylori's possible survival mechanisms in this oral microenvironment and its clinical significance in the interaction between oral and gastric conditions. We propose that periodontitis might promote gastric H. pylori infection by stimulating systemic inflammation, and oral colonization might serve as a reservoir for gastric reinfection. Future studies may involve advanced technologies such as metagenomics and proteomics. The eradication of H. pylori in the oral cavity may provide a strategy to prevent gastric reinfection. The findings described herein highlight the importance of this bacterium in two different pathologies sharing a close anatomical relationship.

Nanotechnology for promoting sustainable agriculture has emerged as an innovative alternative for controlling various pests. Nanopesticides are a tool capable of improving the efficiency of active ingredients, reducing required doses, and reducing environmental impact compared to conventional pesticides. This review analyzes the main types of nanopesticides, their mechanisms of action, benefits in crop protection, and current limitations, as well as their comparison with current commercial pesticides. It also discusses the potential risks associated with their use due to the lack of clear regulatory frameworks that guarantee their safe use. Finally, it highlights the need to promote interdisciplinary research and international regulations that drive the responsible development of nanopesticides, ensuring their role as a key tool in sustainable agriculture in the future.

Objective To systematically review and meta-analyze proinflammatory cytokines and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment (FOT), compared with non-diabetic counterparts, incorporating recent evidence on hyperglycemia-driven inflammation and periodontal biomarkers. Methods This PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO: CRD420251237402) searched PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Google Scholar, without date or language restrictions, using descriptors including “Cytokines,” “Chemokines,” “Advanced Glycation Endproducts,” “Gingival Crevicular Fluid,” “Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,” and “Fixed Orthodontic.” Risk of bias was assessed using a modified Quality Assessment Instrument (QAI). Meta-analysis was performed with Review Manager 5.4.1, using fixed- or random-effects models based on heterogeneity. Results Of 224 records, three cross-sectional studies (all moderate risk of bias) were included. Meta-analysis showed elevated AGE levels AGEs (MD = 154.06 [95% CI = 72.25 to 235.87]; p = 0.03; I² = 36%) and TNF-α (MD = 17.45 [95% CI = 1.97 to 32.92]; p = 0.04; I² = 0%) in T2DM + FOT compared to non-T2DM + FOT groups. Conclusions T2DM is associated with elevated inflammatory responses during FOT, as indicated by increased GCF levels of TNF-α and AGEs. However, further well-designed studies are needed to determine whether these biological differences lead to clinically relevant outcomes or justify tailored orthodontic approaches for this population.

Gingival recession is a condition characterized by the apical displacement of the gingival margin relative to the cementoenamel junction; it is commonly associated with esthetic concerns and dentin hypersensitivity. We present a clinical case of a 49-year-old female patient presenting with multiple gingival recessions linked to vigorous toothbrushing and dental malposition. In the first phase of periodontal treatment, coronal scaling was performed, and oral hygiene instructions were provided. In the second phase, surgical procedures for root coverage were carried out using a connective tissue graft, a coronally advanced flap (CAF) combined with enamel matrix derivative, and CAF associated with platelet-rich fibrin. Postoperative follow-up was conducted at 6 months, during which the stability of root coverage was confirmed. An accurate diagnosis and proper treatment planning in the management of gingival recessions are essential to achieve successful root coverage through various techniques.

The field of dental implants underwent a transformation with nanotechnology, which promises enhanced bone alignment and increased antibacterial properties. The systematic review evaluated the latest evidence about nanoceramic coatings in dental implants and their effects on clinical outcomes. The research team conducted a systematic literature search across multiple databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Google Scholar, and The Cochrane Library to locate studies published between January 2004 and June 2024 and performed this search following PRISMA guidelines. Selected studies evaluated dental implants enhanced with nanoceramic coatings or modifications concerning osseointegration rates, antimicrobial efficacy, biocompatibility, and implant stability. Two researchers individually evaluated data selection and quality using the QUIN quality assessment tool. This review included 10 studies, and different nanoceramic coating techniques, such as immersion coating, spin coating, and fabrication, were identified. The results showed that nanoceramic coating significantly improved osseointegration. Antimicrobial properties were remarkably enhanced, with nanoparticle-treated surfaces effectively inhibiting bacterial growth. Biocompatibility assessments demonstrated that nanoceramic-coated implants supported cell viability and proliferation, while stability tests indicated improved implant integration and mechanical strength. All studies were of medium methodological quality. Nanotechnology shows great promise for improving the function of dental implants. Advanced osseointegration, with high antibacterial properties and biocompatibility, suggests that nanoceramic-coating implants have better clinical outcomes. Future research should focus on long-term clinical trials to establish these findings and highlight and explore the potential of various nanoceramic materials in clinical settings.

Impacted canines are very frequent, and their management is fundamental in aesthetics and functional occlusion. The planning and choice of an adequate surgical-orthodontic treatment for the discovery of impacted teeth is essential. Four clinical cases are presented that show the clinical and imaging considerations for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, with the description of surgical approaches with open, closed techniques and a combination of both, for impacted maxillary and mandibular teeth in pediatric patients. The follow-up has allowed correct management in the orthodontic traction of the impacted teeth with good periodontal health.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major global public health problem. Although it has traditionally been linked to liver damage, several studies have demonstrated its extrahepatic impact, specifically in the oral cavity. Oral manifestations can be considered early signs of infection or contribute to clinical progression. This narrative review aims to describe the oral alterations associated with HCV, integrating the pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical implications for dental management. The most prevalent manifestations include periodontal disease, oral lichen planus, Sjögren’s syndrome-like sialadenitis, and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Recent findings suggest that HCV triggers dysbiosis of the oral microbiome, promotes exacerbated immune responses with overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and disrupts the homeostatic environment, thereby promoting the progression of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. In addition, viral RNA has been identified in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid, which could be considered a non-parenteral route of transmission, particularly important in dental interventions. In parallel, direct-acting antiviral therapy, in addition to achieving virus elimination, could also partially correct immunological and microbial disruptions in the cavity, with favorable clinical responses. Understanding these oral alterations can guide dentists in early detection and improve systemic outcomes.