Chandrakanth Gadipelly

Azo dyes constitute one of the largest and most commercially important classes of synthetic colorants, widely applied in textiles, plastics, inks, and food. However, their manufacture through traditional batch processes is often constrained by safe-ty risks, poor heat and mass transfer, and inconsistent product quality. To address these challenges, we present a continuous telescopic strategy for the synthesis of the azo dye Sudan Yellow-3G. The workflow integrates Amar-made MicroFLO™ reactors for coupler and diazonium salt preparation, followed by azo coupling in a SlurryFLO™ reactor. This continuous approach mitigates hazards associated with exothermic and potentially runaway reactions while enabling tighter process con-trol. Optimization is further enhanced through the ReactWise© software platform, which applies machine learning to guide reaction conditions, minimizes experimental effort, and provides in-depth analytics. Together, this hardware-software integra-tion demonstrates a scalable, safer, and more resource-efficient alternative to conventional batch synthesis. Beyond the case of Sudan Yellow-3G, this work illustrates a transferable framework for modernizing azo dye manufacturing and highlights the broader potential of combining continuous flow chemistry with AI-driven optimization in industrial colorant production.

Azo dyes constitute one of the largest and most commercially important classes of synthetic colorants, widely applied in textiles, plastics, inks, and food. However, their manufacture through traditional batch processes is often constrained by safe-ty risks, poor heat and mass transfer, and inconsistent product quality. To address these challenges, we present a continuous telescopic strategy for the synthesis of the azo dye Sudan Yellow-3G. The workflow integrates Amar-made MicroFLO™ reactors for coupler and diazonium salt preparation, followed by azo coupling in a SlurryFLO™ reactor. This continuous approach mitigates hazards associated with exothermic and potentially runaway reactions while enabling tighter process con-trol. Optimization is further enhanced through the ReactWise© software platform, which applies machine learning to guide reaction conditions, minimizes experimental effort, and provides in-depth analytics. Together, this hardware-software integra-tion demonstrates a scalable, safer, and more resource-efficient alternative to conventional batch synthesis. Beyond the case of Sudan Yellow-3G, this work illustrates a transferable framework for modernizing azo dye manufacturing and highlights the broader potential of combining continuous flow chemistry with AI-driven optimization in industrial colorant production.

Carbon nitrides, a distinguished class of metal-free catalytic materials, have presented a good potential for chemical transformations and are expected to become prominent materials for organocatalysis. This is largely possible due to their low cost, exceptional thermal and chemical stability, non-toxicity, ease of functionalization, porosity development, etc. Especially, the carbon nitrides with increased porosity and nitrogen contents are more versatile than their bulk counterparts for catalysis. These N-rich carbon nitrides are discussed in the earlier parts of the review. Later, the review highlights the role of such carbon nitride materials for the various organic catalytic reactions including Knoevenagel condensation, oxidation, hydrogenation, esterification, transesterification, cycloaddition, and hydrolysis. The recently emerging concepts in carbon nitride-based organocatalysis have been given special attention. In each of the sections, the structure-property relationship of the materials was discussed and related to their catalysis action. Relevant comparisons with other catalytic materials are also discussed to realize their real potential value. The perspective, challenges, and future directions are also discussed. The overall objective of this review is to provide up-to-date information on new developments in carbon nitride-based organic catalysis reactions that could see them rising as prominent catalytic materials in the future. Graphical Abstract

Most of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) contain the tetrazole ring, thus making them of vast significance in new drug design descriptors. With this importance in view, enormous studies are being carried out on the synthesis of tetrazole derivatives. The methods of its synthesis are [3+2] cycloaddition, multicomponent reactions, microwave‐assisted synthesis using heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts. Hence, it is necessary to highlight the green catalysis that would be more environmentally benign and economically viable. In this review, we discuss the tetrazole synthesis processes carried out in the presence of heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts. These catalytic materials gave higher product yield in a shorter reaction time and were reusable.

The antibiotics present in aqueous waste streams can cause several problems and amoxicillin, an antibiotic found in such streams cannot be biologically treated. Thus, the removal or degradation of these compounds is needed to provide clean and pure potable water for consumers. Advanced oxidation processes such as photo catalysis can be used as a promising technology for the degradation of such recalcitrant organic compounds. In this research, the photo catalytic degradation of amoxicillin was studied using different compositions of TiO2 photocatalyst for water and wastewater treatment applications. Hombikat N10, a new photocatalyst was found to be very efficient. The results of the present study clearly indicate that Hombikat N10 can be efficiently used for the degradation and mineralization of amoxicillin. The photo catalyst Hombikat N10 with the anatase/rutile ratio 97/3 showed enhanced activity amongst the other TiO2 catalyst of different compositions.