Yuuki Shichi

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) exhibits diverse phenotypes, including epithelial and mesenchymal characteristics, yet these features have not been effectively translated into clinical applications. Mucins are implicated in tumor progression and therapeutic resistance and are considered potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets. In this study, five epithelial and three mesenchymal PDAC cell lines were cultured under two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) conditions to investigate mucin expression. Proteomic analysis identified five mucins (MUC1, MUC4, MUC5B, MUC19, and MUC20) in 2D culture and eight (including MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC13) in 3D culture. Candidate mucins were further validated by immunocytochemistry with H-score assessment. MUC1 was consistently expressed in all PDAC cell lines and showed marked upregulation in several lines under 3D culture. In mesenchymal PDAC cell lines, mucin expression was largely restricted to MUC1, whereas epithelial lines displayed broad 3D-induced reorganization. Notably, MUC5AC was absent in 2D culture but robustly induced in all epithelial PDAC cell lines under 3D conditions. Other mucins, including MUC2, MUC4, MUC5B, MUC13, MUC19, and MUC20, were variably upregulated, with epithelial lines demonstrating higher diversity and intensity of expression. These findings demonstrate that 3D culture effectively reveals the plasticity and heterogeneity of mucin expression in PDAC, highlighting its potential as a platform for biomarker discovery and the development of therapeutic strategies.

Phenotypic switching between contractile (differentiated state) and proliferative (dedifferentiated state) vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a hallmark of vascular remodeling that contributes to atherosclerotic diseases. Gangliosides, a group of glycosphingolipids, have been detected in atherosclerotic lesions and are suspected to contribute to the disease process. However, the underlying mechanism, specifically with respect to their role in VSMC phenotype switching, is not clear. In this study, we sought to reveal the endogenous expression of gangliosides and their functional significance in VSMCs during atherosclerosis. We found that switching from the contractile to proliferative phenotype was accompanied by upregulation of a- and b-series gangliosides, which in turn, were regulated by polycomb repressor complex 2 (PRC2). Downregulation of ganglioside expression using an siRNA targeting ST3GAL5, which is required for the synthesis of a- and b-series gangliosides, attenuated the proliferation and migration of dedifferentiated VSMCs. Therefore, we concluded that the increased expression of a- and b-series gangliosides via PRC2 activity during dedifferentiation is involved in the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. Gangliosides may be an effective target in VSMCs for atherosclerosis prevention and treatment.