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This study aimed to evaluate the comparative efficacy of three oral calcium supplementation strategies of distinct chemical formulations (an active vitamin D ₃ -based bolus, a calcium chloride/sulfate-based bolus, and a calcium formate/acetate/sulfate-based bolus) on acute blood gas dynamics, mineral kinetics, and metabolic profiles (at 0, 12, 24, and 48 h postpartum), as well as their long-term impacts on annual milk yield, electronic sensor-monitored behavioral patterns, and reproductive performance in primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows. Ninety cows (45 primiparous, 45 multiparous) were assigned to three equal treatment groups. Blood parameters were analyzed using Linear Mixed Models with 0-h baseline values incorporated as covariates. Continuous 1-year follow-up data for milk yield, eating/rumination durations, and fertility were evaluated. The active vitamin D ₃ -based bolus sustained the highest and most stable ionized calcium (1.36 ± 0.03 vs. 1.39 ± 0.04 mmol/L) and total calcium (8.27 ± 0.23 vs. 8.20 ± 0.24 mg/dL) levels at 48 h postpartum in primiparous and multiparous cows, respectively. The calcium chloride/sulfate bolus induced an early peak in ionized calcium at 12 h (1.23 ± 0.03 mmol/L for primiparous; 1.25 ± 0.04 mmol/L for multiparous), followed by a steady decrease. Meanwhile, the calcium formate/acetate/sulfate bolus showed a slower release pattern, marked by a transient ionized calcium at 24 h. Despite these distinct acute physiological responses, no significant long-term differences were observed among treatment groups regarding annual milk yield, rumination time, inseminations per pregnancy, or pregnancy rates ( p > 0.05). Daily eating time was significantly longer in primiparous cows than in multiparous cows ( p = 0.012). In conclusion, while oral calcium formulations offer specific short-term metabolic advantages during early transition, these transient benefits may not necessarily translate into long-term performance improvements, suggesting that oral calcium bolus supplementation may be more beneficial for meeting acute mineral requirements rather than providing extended productivity enhancements.

Canine adenovirüs (CAV), köpeklerde önemli enfeksiyonlara neden olan, zarfsız, çift sarmallı DNA genomuna sahip bir virüstür ve Adenoviridae ailesinin Mastadenovirus cinsine ait bir virüstür. Köpeklerde hastalık oluşturan 2 farklı tip bulunmaktadır: Canine adenovirüs tip 1 (CAV-1) ve Canine adenovirüs tip 2 (CAV-2). CAV-1, enfeksiyöz köpek hepatitinin etkeni olup karaciğer, böbrek, göz ve damar endotelinde ciddi lezyonlara yol açabilir. CAV-2 ise başlıca solunum sistemini etkileyerek enfeksiyöz trakeobronşitis (kennel cough) kompleksinin önemli viral etkenlerinden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Virüs, enfekte hayvanların sekresyon ve ekskresyonlarıyla çevreye yayılır ve doğrudan temas veya kontamine materyaller aracılığıyla bulaşır. Klinik belirtiler enfeksiyonun tipine ve şiddetine bağlı olarak ateş, depresyon, solunum sistemi semptomları, gastrointestinal bulgular ve bazı olgularda ölümle sonuçlanabilen sistemik hastalık şeklinde ortaya çıkabilir. Tanıda klinik ve epidemiyolojik verilerin yanı sıra virüs izolasyonu, serolojik yöntemler ve moleküler teknikler de kullanılmaktadır. Günümüzde yaygın aşılama programları sayesinde birçok ülkede hastalığın görülme sıklığı önemli ölçüde azalmış olsa da, özellikle aşısız popülasyonlarda ve barınak koşullarında enfeksiyonlar hâlen önemini korumaktadır. Bu nedenle canine adenovirüs enfeksiyonlarının epidemiyolojisinin, klinik özelliklerinin ve korunma stratejilerinin iyi anlaşılması köpek sağlığının korunması açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Canine adenovirus (CAV) is a non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA genome virus that causes significant infections in dogs and belongs to the genus Mastadenovirus of the family Adenoviridae. There are 2 types of canine adenovirus that cause disease in dogs: Canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) and Canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2). CAV-1 is the causative agent of infectious canine hepatitis and can lead to severe lesions in the liver, kidneys, eyes, and vascular endothelium. CAV-2, on the other hand, primarily affects the respiratory system and is considered one of the primary viral agents of the infectious tracheobronchitis (kennel cough) complex. The virus is shed into the environment through the secretions and excretions of infected animals and is transmitted through direct contact or contaminated materials. Clinical signs, depending on the type and severity of the infection, can manifest as fever, depression, respiratory system symptoms, gastrointestinal findings, and systemic disease that can result in death in some cases. In diagnosis, along with clinical and epidemiological data, virus isolation, serological methods, and molecular techniques are also used. Today, thanks to widespread vaccination programs, the incidence of the disease has significantly decreased in many countries; however, infections remain significant, especially in unvaccinated populations and in shelter settings. Therefore, a good understanding of the epidemiology, clinical features, and prevention strategies for canine adenovirus infections is of great importance for protecting canine health.

Lobar pneumonia is a significant cause of losses in lamb raising, yet there is limited integrated necropsy-based data linking histopathology with microbiological identification and susceptibility testing. This study investigated the etiological diversity of lobar pneumonia among 118 lambs submitted for routine necropsy in 2025. Thirty-six lungs with gross lesions consistent with lobar pneumonia were histologically classified as catarrhal purulent bronchopneumonia (n=20), fibrinous pneumonia (n=9), or purulent necrotizing bronchopneumonia (n=7). Fresh tissues were cultured on blood and chocolate agar and incubated at 37°C for 48 hours under both aerobic and 10% CO₂ conditions. Isolates were identified through MALDI-TOF MS, and Mycoplasma spp. DNA was screened using conventional PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing employed the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method with a panel of antibiotics including ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin. Bacterial growth was observed in 25 of 36 lungs, yielding 33 isolates, predominantly Escherichia coli (n=10) and Pasteurella multocida (n=6). Mycoplasma spp. DNA was detected in 13 lungs, including two culture-negative samples. Pasteurellaceae were significantly more common in fibrinous/purulent necrotizing bronchopneumonia compared to catarrhal purulent bronchopneumonia (p<0.001). Resistance in E. coli was most frequent to ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, while susceptibility to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefotaxime was maintained. Overall, these results illustrate pattern-specific etiological profiles and support the use of integrated necropsy-based investigation for lamb pneumonia.

Ovine pneumonia is a multifactorial respiratory disease, yet bacterial community alterations associated with pathologically confirmed pneumonia in lambs remain poorly characterised. This study investigated the lung bacterial microbiota of non-pneumonic and pneumonic Akkaraman lambs by integrating gross and histopathological examination with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The final dataset comprised lung samples from 15 non-pneumonic and 14 pneumonic lambs. Alpha diversity did not differ significantly between groups, whereas bacterial community composition differed significantly for both Bray–Curtis (R² = 0.093, p = 0.001) and weighted UniFrac (R² = 0.117, p = 0.006) distances, with no significant differences in multivariate dispersion. At the genus level, Mannheimia showed significantly higher relative abundance in pneumonic lungs after false-discovery-rate correction and was the only genus also identified as differentially abundant by ANCOM. Mycoplasma, Fusobacterium, and Trueperella showed greater relative representation in pneumonic lungs, whereas Acinetobacter and Psychrobacter showed the opposite pattern. Prevalence analysis further demonstrated contrasting taxon distributions between groups. Overall, naturally occurring pneumonia was associated with distinct alterations in lung bacterial community composition rather than a generalised loss of within-sample diversity, with Mannheimia representing the strongest pneumonia-associated genus-level signal.

This study aimed to determine the serum copper and zinc levels in healthy and footrot-affected sheep in the Şanlıurfa region and investigate the relationship between these parameters and the presence of the disease. Footrot is an infectious foot disease that develops in the interdigital region of the foot and affects the skin and corium ungulae. It is characterized by necrosis, inflammation, and contagious properties. The study material consisted of 10 Akkaraman and 10 Awassi sheep clinically diagnosed with footrot (footrot group), as well as an equal number of clinically healthy animals from the same breeds, which served as the control group. Serum copper and zinc levels were measured and recorded from blood samples collected from all sheep. When the data were analyzed independently of breed, serum copper and zinc levels were significantly lower in the footrot group compared to the control group (P0.05). When all variables were evaluated, serum copper and zinc levels in footrot-affected Awassi and Akkaraman sheep were significantly lower than in healthy individuals (P