Alemu Gashe Desta

Medicago sativa is a globally significant perennial forage legume valued for its high productivity, nutritional quality, and multifunctional role in climate-smart agriculture. This review synthesizes evidence from 130 peer-reviewed studies across 35 countries, spanning temperate, subtropical, and semi-arid agroecological zones, to (i) assess the agronomic performance and productivity of Medicago sativa , (ii) evaluate its nutritional and environmental contributions to sustainable livestock systems, and (iii) identify research and policy priorities to enhance its adoption under climate change. Quantitative data indicate dry matter yields of 12–25 t ha⁻ ¹ yr⁻ ¹ , with higher yields in irrigated temperate systems and greater variability in rain-fed, semi-arid and tropical environments. The crude protein content ranges from 15 to 25% of dry matter, supporting high digestibility (> 70% in vitro) and efficient feed conversion in ruminants. Through symbiosis with Sinorhizobium spp., biological nitrogen fixation of 150–300 kg N ha⁻ ¹ yr⁻ ¹ reduces dependence on synthetic fertilizers and improves the soil fertility. Long-term studies report soil organic carbon increases of 0.3–0.8 t C ha⁻ ¹ yr⁻ ¹ , reflecting contributions from deep roots and rhizodeposition. The deep-penetrating root enhances drought tolerance, nutrient capture, and soil structure, thereby supporting resilience in degraded and water-limited environments. Therefore, Medicago sativa enhance feed security, promotes low-emission livestock production, and contributes to climate change mitigation. Future priorities include breeding for stress tolerance, improving pest and disease management, strengthening seed and extension systems, and implementing policies to support sustainable adoption, particularly in tropical and sub-Saharan African regions.

Eucalyptus camaldulensis is commonly planted on farmland in highland Ethiopia because of its high economic profitability. However, the expansion of woodlot plantations has led to a decline in crop growth and yield, which negatively affects food security. To address this issue, this study aimed to examine the effects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis woodlot expansion on crop production and food security in South Achefer. Data were collected from 180 respondents using a three‐stage sampling technique for the four kebeles in the district. The survey data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, and a binary logit regression model using SPSS software version 24. This study found that most households (87%) perceived a rapid increase in Eucalyptus woodlot expansion. The allocation of more land for Eucalyptus woodlot expansion was positively and significantly affected by family size, landholding size, total annual income, and availability of unproductive land. Additionally, the study revealed that Eucalyptus woodlots highly compete with nearly all grown crops for nutrients and moisture. This causes a reduction in yield from one to four quintals compared to the normal crop grown far from the Eucalyptus tree. Approximately three‐fourths (71%) of the sampled farmers did not obtain stable food annually and were considered food insecure. To alleviate food insecurity, this study suggests that stakeholders should focus on improving livelihood alternatives rather than expanding Eucalyptus woodlots.

This study evaluated how grazing influenced the specific features of herbaceous species (basal cover, species richness, evenness, and diversity) as well as dry matter yield in the northwestern highlands of Ethiopia. For this study, the natural pastures were divided into three strata based on grazing types (grazing exclusion areas, controlled grazing, and continuous grazing). The areas in each grazing type were divided into two randomly selected (100 m × 50 m) sampling blocks. Then, each of the separated areas was divided into five 10 m × 10 m, and in each subdivided plot, (0.5 m × 0.5 m) were placed across the plots. Thus, a total of 30 (0.5 m × 0.5 m) quadrats were used to evaluate the effect of grazing on the basal cover, species richness, diversity, and dry matter yield of the herbaceous pasture layers. As the results showed, there were significant differences in dry matter yield, basal cover, species richness, evenness, and diversity among grazing areas. The dry matter yield, basal cover, species richness, and diversity were significantly ( ) higher in both grazing exclusion and controlled grazing areas than in continuous grazing areas. Therefore, to increase the dry matter yield of natural pasture and to ensure sustainable livestock production, the livestock producers in the study areas should practice either a cut-carry system or a controlled grazing system.

In many regions of Ethiopia, particularly in the study area, high‐quality livestock feed is scarce, particularly during the dry season. Indigenous browse species could potentially offer alternative sources of feed, but their potential has not been fully exploited, owing to a lack of detailed information. Without detailed information on the nutritional value of indigenous browse species, it is difficult to assess their suitability as feed sources. This knowledge gap indicates that even if these plants are abundant, they may not be used effectively because their nutritional benefits are not well understood. The objective of the present study was to fill this gap by systematically evaluating the biomass yield and nutritional content of indigenous browse species. The mean biomass yields for various indigenous browse species varied significantly (p < 0.05) among species, with Ficus thonningii producing the highest, whereas the biomass yields of Vernonia amygdalina were the lowest. Arundinaria species exhibited the highest NDF content (68.5%), whereas V. amygdalina had the lowest NDF content (46.8%). The crude protein content varied significantly (p < 0.05) among the species, with Acacia albida having the highest (20.3%), whereas the crude protein content of Carissa edulis was the lowest (13.3%). Hence, the crude protein content of all indigenous browse species is sufficient to meet the maintenance needs of cattle, sheep, and goats because, as stated by Kearl and NRC, the crude protein levels required for maintenance in these animals range from 7% to 10%. The crude protein content of indigenous browse species is sufficient to meet the milk production requirements of sheep and goats because the crude protein levels required for milk production for these animals range from 12% to 16%. For lactating dairy cows and growing beef cattle, Kearl recommended CP values of 14%–18% and 12%–16% required, respectively. Therefore, indigenous livestock producers should incorporate these species into their production systems to enhance productivity. This approach can also help mitigate the high costs associated with concentrate feeds, which are typically expensive.