Alonso Bussalleu

BackgroundThere is limited evidence from multi-exposure models on the environmental impact on type 2 diabetes (T2D), considering complex interrelations between the exposures. We aimed to identify air pollution, temperature and greenness features associated with T2D prevalence in a large pan-European study, specifically predicting the impact of exposure change under different scenarios.MethodsWe included 10 European population-based cohorts within the EXPANSE project. Information on environmental exposures, covariates and T2D diagnosis at recruitment were obtained for 87,044 individuals, including 5,662 T2D cases. Data on air pollution, greenness, and temperature at residential addresses originated from uniform pan-European models. T2D identification was based on questionnaires, registers or biomarker measurements. Adjusted cross-sectional associations between exposures and T2D were assessed, and all exposure two-way interactions and square terms were a priori included in elastic net regression models to identify the most influential environmental factors and combinations. Results were contextualized within different environmental scenarios.ResultsPM10 and temperature annual mean and variability, as well as their interaction term, were consistently associated with T2D prevalence across strata of sex, body mass index, and urbanicity. Associations with greenness, PM2.5 and PM2.5-average temperature interaction were also observed but less consistently across strata. In the scenario analysis, reducing air pollution was related to lower T2D prevalence, while a beneficial association with increasing greenness was most consistently observed in the highly urbanized subgroup.ConclusionsOur findings support a role of particulate air pollution in T2D development and suggest that beneficial effects of increased greenness primarily occur in highly urbanized areas.

Protected areas, such as the 17,000 km² Manu National Park in Peru, are important for vulnerable species such as the jaguar, and population studies are needed to understand their conservation status. We did a short-term study using 136 paired camera traps stations deployed in three blocks across an area of ​​820 km² in Manu National Park to estimate: the density and distribution of jaguars, evaluate the availability and distribution of key prey (eight mammals and a bird), and investigate the use of space by predators, using occupancy models that considered environmental variables, prey availability, and competitors. Most prey species had an occupancy (psi) greater than 0.70, without clear patterns in the use of space. The use of space was intensive for ocelot (psi = 0.83, ES = 0.08) and jaguar (psi = 0.67, ES = 0.33), and less intensive for puma (psi = 0.25, SE = 0.07), yet without clear patterns related to the environmental variables we evaluated, the availability of prey and the presence of competitors. We estimate a jaguar density of 2 (ES=0.92; 95% CI =0.8-4.7) to 2.5 (ES=1.07, 95% CI = 1.1-5.6) ind/100 km², corresponding to a population of 193-241 jaguars for the lowlands of Manu. We conclude that jaguars are apparently abundant, both large carnivores and their prey can be found throughout the lowlands of the park, and their presence is not affected by spatial variations in habitat and human pressures.