Adel Benhamed

This paper examines whether digitalization is associated with stronger links between green finance (GF), renewable-energy innovation (REI), and the green low-carbon energy transition across 19 G20 economies over 2000–2025. A data-consistency audit corrects the low-carbon electricity input. The benchmark Green Low-Carbon Energy Transition index (GLCET_B) is a transparent four-pillar composite covering renewable deployment, power-sector decarbonization, energy efficiency, and coal exit; PCA-based, equal-weight, and indicator-exclusion variants serve as measurement-sensitivity checks. The empirical sequence distinguishes confirmatory evidence from exploratory diagnostics. For the preferred benchmark, the LREI × DIG interaction is positive in TWFE-DK (0.0631, p < 0.001) and remains significant under 999-replication country-level wild-cluster inference (p = 0.011), pooled Common Correlated Effects (wild p = 0.009), cluster-aware DML (wild p = 0.001), first differences, complete-observation sensitivity, and all leave-one-country-out samples. Heterogeneous-slope CCE Mean Group estimates remain positive (0.044–0.074) but imprecise, indicating an average rather than uniform association. By contrast, GF × DIG is not robust under conservative small-cluster inference. The subgroup evidence suggests that the LREI–digitalization complementarity is concentrated in emerging/lower-digitalization G20 economies, but this result is interpreted cautiously because the subgroup cluster counts are small and digitalization groups coincide with emerging/advanced status. All findings are interpreted as conditional panel associations rather than causal or long-run effects.

This paper develops a dynamic signaling framework to analyze how educational investment evolves under imperfect information and how the informational value of credentials changes over time. It addresses a central question: under what conditions do signaling equilibria become fragile, and how does this fragility generate educational overinvestment and credential inflation in equilibrium? The model features heterogeneous productivity groups and endogenous educational choices, in which education plays both a signaling and a productive role. Informational frictions and wage-setting mechanisms jointly determine equilibrium configurations, allowing for separation, pooling, and mixed equilibria. The analysis shows that separating equilibria are inherently fragile: when signaling costs decline or when the share of lower-productivity workers becomes sufficiently small, incentives for imitation intensify, progressively eroding informational differentiation. This fragility gives rise to a cascade mechanism of overinvestment, whereby individuals increase educational attainment beyond efficient levels to preserve relative positioning. As a result, signaling distortions propagate across educational levels, generating persistent credential inflation and weakening the informational content of degrees. The framework also identifies conditions under which mixed equilibria may dominate separating equilibria in terms of aggregate welfare, particularly when the proportion of low-productivity workers is limited. By incorporating a productive dimension of education, the model distinguishes between pure signaling rents and genuine productivity gains, providing a unified interpretation of overeducation, declining returns to credentials, and persistent wage dispersion. Finally, the analysis characterizes an optimal taxation scheme that eliminates inefficient signaling rents while preserving incentives for productivity-enhancing investment. Taken together, the results highlight how equilibrium fragility, informational distortions, and strategic educational measures provide a unified explanation for diploma inflation, equilibrium segmentation, and persistent deviations from socially optimal investment levels.

This study examines the effects of green growth (GG), green energy transition, and green technological innovation on environmental quality in Germany using annual data from 1990 to 2023. Grounded in the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, which predicts nonlinear and transitional relationships between economic growth, structural change, and environmental quality, the Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model reveals asymmetric short‐ and long‐run effects of positive and negative shocks in green economic indicators on CO ₂ emissions. The results indicate that positive shocks in green growth and technological innovation significantly reduce emissions in the long term, whereas negative shocks in innovation increase them, highlighting the dual role of technological change in shaping environmental outcomes. Conversely, both positive and negative shocks in the green energy transition are associated with higher emissions, suggesting inefficiencies in Germany's energy transformation process. The Dynamic ARDL (DARDL) simulation results confirm that green growth and energy transition support long‐term emission reductions, while innovation‐driven activities may sometimes exacerbate environmental pressures. Overall, the findings emphasize the importance of aligning innovation policies with environmental goals and enhancing the effectiveness of green energy and growth strategies to accelerate Germany's transition toward a low‐carbon economy.

This study assesses the role of institutional quality, macroeconomic performance, and environmental pressures in shaping food security in East Asia. Using a PMG-ARDL panel model with data from China, Singapore, and Japan—three economies characterized by high institutional standards—the analysis covers the period 1996–2023. The findings highlight a strong and statistically significant long-term effect of institutional quality on food production, underlining the essential role of governance in reducing regulatory uncertainty, attracting agricultural investment, and enabling coherent policy frameworks. The CO₂ emissions growth also exhibits a significant negative impact, underscoring that climate change poses a structural threat to food security. Control variables show that population growth and macroeconomic stability enhance food security, reflecting an ability to adapt to demand. In contrast, the effect of inflation is insignificant in the long term. In the short term, the analysis reveals heterogeneity in adjustment. The ECT is negative and significant for Singapore, indicating an effective return to long-term equilibrium. In contrast, it is insignificant for Japan and China, suggesting a lack of automatic convergence due to structural specificities in the short term. Overall, the study demonstrates that sustainable food security in advanced East Asian economies relies not only on productive capacity, but also on effective governance, macroeconomic stability, and the integration of climate considerations into long-term policy strategies.

Understanding how major institutional and economic reforms influence environmental outcomes is essential for countries undergoing political transitions. This study examines how Tunisia’s CO₂ emissions trajectory evolved during the post-revolution institutional transition relative to a synthetic counterfactual constructed using the Synthetic Control Method (SCM). Rather than identifying the causal effectiveness of specific reforms, the analysis assesses whether Tunisia’s emissions trajectory diverged from that of a comparable synthetic unit following the reforms implemented after 2014 within a robust counterfactual framework. A synthetic version of Tunisia is constructed using a weighted combination of comparable North African countries, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, and Sudan, based on pre-intervention data from 2000 to 2013 for key predictors, including GDP, renewable energy consumption (REC), non-renewable energy consumption (NREC), and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. The SCM results indicate that, following the post-2014 institutional transition, Tunisia’s CO₂ emissions trajectory diverged from its synthetic counterpart, with observed emissions rising more rapidly over the study period. While the estimated gap reaches approximately 58.3% by the end of the sample, placebo tests and RMSPE ratios indicate that this divergence is only weakly distinguishable from donor-country placebos, underscoring the need for cautious interpretation. These findings indicate that the post-revolution transition did not coincide with an immediate or statistically robust reduction in CO₂ emissions relative to the counterfactual, rather than providing definitive evidence of reform success or failure. From a policy perspective, the results highlight the importance of aligning institutional and economic reforms with clearly operationalized climate and energy policies. In particular, accelerating renewable energy deployment, improving energy efficiency, phasing down fossil-fuel subsidies, and strengthening regulatory and governance frameworks are essential to ensure that future reform efforts translate into meaningful environmental improvements. The findings provide critical insights for Tunisia and other North African countries seeking to balance economic development with environmental sustainability during periods of institutional transition.

This paper examines whether oil price volatility accelerates or decelerates the global sustainable energy transition by analyzing the differential responses of oil exporters and oil importers. Using a Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (P-ARDL) estimation on a balanced panel of 30 countries (2002–2023), this study investigates the long-term sustainability of energy shifts under market uncertainty. We find significant asymmetric impacts: oil-exporting countries demonstrate a strong, positive long-run response to volatility, suggesting that price uncertainty acts as a catalyst for economic diversification and sustainable investments in renewables as a strategic risk management tool. Conversely, oil-importing countries show no significant volatility response; their transition toward sustainability is primarily driven by economic growth rather than oil market forces. The error correction mechanisms reveal annual adjustment rates of 35.9% for importers and 21.5% for exporters, confirming stable long-run sustainable development relationships. These findings challenge the hypothesis of a uniform global transition, highlighting that achieving sustainability goals is highly dependent on a nation’s position in international oil markets, necessitating tailored policy frameworks for a resilient energy future.

This paper aims to analyze using reduced-form econometric estimates, the individual unemployment durations of young graduates, focusing on the influence of search mode choices in accessing the first job. Duration models are estimated with right-censored data.Non-parametric duration estimation procedures (Kaplan-Meier estimator) are statistical models that do not make assumptions about the distribution of the data, allowing for a more flexible analysis of the transition process. This paper uses these models to estimate the length of time it takes for young graduates to transition from school to work, and to identify factors that may impact the duration of this process, such as educational level, type of study program, and other demographic and socioeconomic variables.Kaplan-Meier estimator allow the evaluation of the hazard function to be conducted directly by accounting for right censoring without incorporating the impact of individual characteristics.