Krisztina Palkovics

Background/Objectives: Maternal conditions and lifestyle exposures strongly influence neonatal morbidity, but population-level longitudinal data from Central and Eastern Europe remain limited. This nationwide study evaluated 16-year trends (2010–2025) in neonatal hospital episodes with maternal-factor-related diagnostic codes (ICD-10 P00, P04, and P70.0–P70.1) in Hungary and quantified associations with severe clinical attributes. Methods: In a retrospective study of 1,546,439 hospital birth episodes, administrative registry data were analysed. Cases with ICD-10 codes P00.0–P00.9 (maternal conditions), P04.0–P04.9 (noxious influences/lifestyle), and P70.0–P70.1 (carbohydrate disorders) were identified. Severity levels, birth weight, surgical interventions, and mechanical ventilation were derived from the Hungarian Diagnosis-Related Group (h-DRG) labels. Temporal trends were evaluated using Joinpoint regression, and episode-level prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals were estimated compared with neonates without recorded maternal factor–related ICD-10 diagnoses. Results: Maternal-factor codes were present in 145,571 episodes (9.41%; P70: 49.96%, P00: 31.33%, P04: 18.71%). Case rates per 1000 live births increased for P04 (7.08-fold), P00 (6.88-fold), and P70 (2.59-fold; overall AAPC: 9.98%, 95% CI: 9.12–10.85). Maternal-factor episodes had a higher prevalence of severe morbidity (PR = 2.18, 95% CI: 2.13–2.23), birth weight 1500–1999 g (PR = 2.27, 95% CI: 2.20–2.34), major surgery (PR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.86–2.56), and mechanical ventilation > 5 days (PR = 5.04, 95% CI: 4.62–5.51). Mean length of stay increased by 11.05% in P04 episodes (from 4.14 to 4.60 days) and decreased by 15.59% and 23.60% in P00 and P70.0–P70.1 episodes, respectively. Conclusions: Maternal-factor conditions were recorded in nearly one in ten neonatal hospital delivery episodes in Hungary, showing an increase in recorded episode rates and resource use. These coded episodes are associated with a higher prevalence of low birth weight, major surgery, and prolonged mechanical ventilation.

The COVID-19 pandemic severely disrupted tourism globally, with considerable variation in impact and recovery across regions. This study examines how tourism demand, revenue, employment, and transport evolved in the Visegrád Four (V4) countries—Czechia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia—between 2015 and 2025, assessing recovery speed and sectoral resilience across nine indicators. The modelled window varies by indicator: 2015–2023 for revenue indicators, 2015–2024 for visitor-flow indicators, and 2015–2025 for employment and air passenger indicators. Annual data from Eurostat and the Hungarian Central Statistical Office were analysed using descriptive comparative methods, linear mixed-effects models, and interrupted time series analysis with counterfactual projections. All indicators showed sustained pre-pandemic growth followed by a statistically significant 2020 shock. International demand fell roughly twice as sharply as domestic demand, and air passenger traffic suffered the largest absolute collapse. Revenue recovered fastest, surpassing pre-pandemic levels by 2023–2024 in all countries, while guest-volume recovery is projected only by 2025–2027. Part-time employment remained below 2015 levels in three of four countries despite volume and revenue recovery, indicating structural labour market adjustment. Slovakia consistently showed non-significant post-shock recovery slopes in seven of nine indicators, emerging as the region’s weakest performer. These findings indicate that COVID-19 produced uneven, revenue-led recovery across V4, and the employment paradox and Slovakia’s underperformance underscore the need for diversified, evidence-based tourism crisis management.

Objectives: Diabetes in pregnancy represents a significant public health concern with established impacts on both maternal and fetal health outcomes. Our aim was to evaluate the epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in pregnancy (DMP) and specific fetal and neonatal transient metabolic disorders (FNTMDs) in Hungary between 2010 and 2024, as well as to project future trends through to 2035. Methods: We carried out a quantitative, retrospective study using nationwide real-world data from the Hungarian ‘Pulvita’ Health Data Warehouse. ICD-10 codes O24.0–O24.9 (DMP) and P70.0–P70.9 (FNTMDs) were included. Annual patient numbers, the number of hospital days, and the number of DMP patients per 1000 women aged 15–49, as well as the number of FNTMD patients per 1000 live births, were analyzed with joinpoint regression analysis and different forecasting models to project future prevalence up to 2035. Results: Despite a 14.2% decrease in live births, DMP cases increased significantly (54.9% inpatient, 26.6% outpatient), with GDM incidence per thousand reproductive-age women rising by 85.7%. FNTMD cases showed similar trends, with GDM-related infant syndromes more than doubling (154% increase). Projections indicate that DMP prevalence could reach 4.60 per 1000 reproductive-age women by 2035, while FNTMD cases show varying trends between inpatient (increasing) and outpatient (stabilizing) care. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate a continuing upward trend in diabetes-related pregnancy complications, despite shorter hospital stays, suggesting an urgent need for enhanced preventive programs and specialized care service planning.

Turisztikai és Vidékfejlesztési Tanulmányok Folyóirat Elemzésünk célja a COVID-19 világjárvány turisztikai szektorra gyakorolt hatásának felmérése az Európai Unióban és Magyarországon.