Bima Putra Pratama

Background and Aim: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global health concern affecting humans, animals, and the environment. Although surveillance has traditionally focused on healthcare settings and livestock, wildlife is increasingly recognized as a potential reservoir, carrier, and indicator of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and resistance genes. This review examines the ecological factors, movement patterns, and transmission pathways influencing AMR in wildlife, with particular emphasis on potential spillover to humans and domestic animals. Wildlife can acquire resistant microorganisms through contaminated water, soil, food, agricultural runoff, wastewater, and interactions with humans and livestock. Habitat fragmentation, urbanization, agricultural expansion, feeding behavior, and predator–prey relationships further influence exposure and opportunities for bacterial transmission. Local movements and long-distance migration may contribute to the geographical dissemination of resistant bacteria and resistance genes between ecosystems. Evidence from different wildlife populations has identified extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in migratory birds, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in wild mammals, and fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria in primates inhabiting areas with frequent human contact. Marine and aquatic wildlife may also contribute to AMR circulation through exposure to wastewater, pharmaceutical residues, and other environmental contaminants. Horizontal gene transfer involving plasmids, integrons, and transposons further contribute to the persistence and dissemination of resistance genes within microbial communities. Humans may be exposed through direct contact, wildlife handling, hunting, and indirect exposure to contaminated water, soil, and food. However, detecting resistant bacteria in wildlife does not necessarily establish the direction or occurrence of transmission to humans. Key challenges include limited wildlife surveillance, inconsistent sampling methods, insufficient ecological data, and difficulty identifying transmission sources. Integrating wildlife monitoring with genomic analysis, environmental surveillance, and animal movement studies could improve understanding of AMR distribution and transmission risks. A coordinated One Health approach involving human health, veterinary, environmental, and wildlife sectors is essential to better characterize potential transmission pathways, strengthen surveillance, and develop effective strategies to reduce AMR spread across interconnected ecosystems. Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, environmental contamination, horizontal gene transfer, migratory birds, One Health, resistance genes, wildlife reservoirs, zoonotic spillover.

A strategic research focus on fat modification in meat products aims to improve nutritional quality and lower health hazards related to consumption of cholesterol and saturated fat. The high percentage of animal fat found in conventional meat products is linked to a higher risk of metabolic disorders such as obesity, atherosclerosis, and cardiometabolic syndrome. Thus, it is now crucial for the modern food business to create fat reformulation techniques that preserve sensory and functional qualities while enhancing the lipid profile. This study intends to assess different fat modification technologies in meat products, such as using oleogels and structured lipids, using fiber-and protein-based fat mimetics, and replacing animal fat with vegetable oils. This review also looks at how reformulation affects texture, emulsion stability, lipid oxidation, nutritional composition, and consumer sensory acceptability. Using keywords associated with fat modification and meat reformulation technology, a literature search was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Publications from 2000 to 2026 were analyzed. The synthesis results show that fat modification, especially utilizing oleogelation techniques and stable emulsion systems, has the ability to boost unsaturated fatty acids and decrease saturated fat content without sacrificing sensory quality. Nonetheless, many formulations continue to encounter difficulties, such as altered texture and heightened oxidation susceptibility. All things considered, the development of lipid innovations in meat products presents the industry with substantial opportunity to create healthier goods without sacrificing quality, as well as to promote sustainable food reformulation and public health initiatives.

Background and Aim: Meat is highly susceptible to oxidative deterioration, moisture loss, discoloration, and microbial contamination during processing, storage, and distribution, leading to reduced quality, shortened shelf-life, and increased food waste. Growing consumer demand for natural, safe, and environmentally sustainable preservation strategies has accelerated interest in edible coatings and films as alternatives to conventional synthetic preservatives and petroleum-based packaging. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in edible coatings and films for meat preservation, emphasizing biomaterial selection, functional mechanisms, technological innovations, practical applications, and remaining challenges. The reviewed literature demonstrates that protein-, polysaccharide-, and lipid-based biopolymers, either individually or as composite formulations, effectively improve meat preservation by reducing oxygen (O2) and water vapor permeability, delaying lipid oxidation, maintaining color stability, minimizing moisture loss, and suppressing the growth of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. Incorporation of functional additives, including natural antioxidants, antimicrobial compounds, probiotics, and nanoencapsulated bioactives, further enhances preservation efficacy while supporting the development of active packaging systems. Recent innovations, including nanocomposite formulations, smart edible films incorporating freshness indicators, and integration with complementary preservation technologies such as modified atmosphere packaging, high-pressure processing, cold plasma, and ultraviolet treatment, have further expanded the functionality and commercial potential of edible coating technologies. Nevertheless, widespread industrial adoption remains constrained by challenges related to formulation stability, mechanical performance, large-scale manufacturing, cost-effectiveness, regulatory harmonization, nanoparticle safety, consumer acceptance, and validation under commercial processing conditions. Future research should prioritize standardized evaluation protocols, optimization of multifunctional composite formulations, long-term safety assessment of nano-enabled systems, industrial scalability, and integration with intelligent packaging technologies to facilitate commercial implementation. Overall, edible coatings and films represent sustainable, multifunctional, and environmentally friendly preservation systems capable of improving meat quality, safety, and shelf-life while reducing dependence on synthetic preservatives and conventional plastic packaging. Continued technological innovation and regulatory alignment will be essential to accelerate their transition from laboratory research to routine industrial application and support the development of next-generation sustainable meat preservation systems. Keywords: active packaging, biopolymer, edible coating, edible film, meat preservation, nanoencapsulation, shelf-life extension, smart packaging.

Food spoilage driven by microbial contamination and oxidative degradation remains a central challenge in global supply chains, contributing significantly to the 1.3 billion tons of food lost annually. Conventional packaging, which acts merely as a passive barrier, is often insufficient to prevent deterioration and meet consumer demand for fresh, safe, and minimally processed products. Active packaging based on nanomaterials offers a promising solution, with zirconium dioxide (ZrO ₂ ) emerging as a candidate of growing interest. ZrO ₂ combines high mechanical strength, chemical inertness, and thermal stability with bioactive functions that are advantageous for food preservation. When incorporated into polymer matrices, ZrO ₂ exhibits antimicrobial activity through the generation of reactive oxygen species and membrane disruption, antioxidant capacity by limiting oxygen diffusion and scavenging free radicals, and barrier improvements by reducing gas permeability. These mechanisms collectively delay microbial growth, lipid oxidation, and undesirable changes in color, flavor, and texture. Experimental studies confirm that ZrO ₂ -containing films and coatings can extend the shelf-life of perishable foods, including meat, dairy, oils, and fresh produce, while maintaining optical clarity and material durability. Importantly, ZrO ₂ generally shows low migration under standard food storage conditions, though nanoscale applications necessitate comprehensive toxicological evaluation and regulatory oversight. In addition to its functional properties, ZrO ₂ supports sustainability goals when integrated with biodegradable polymers such as PLA, PVA, chitosan, or cellulose. Overall, ZrO ₂ offers a balanced combination of efficacy, stability, and safety, positioning it as a promising component in the next generation of clean-label, environmentally responsible active food packaging systems.

Broken rice is an underutilized agro-industrial by-product with high starch content and potential for value-added applications. However, native starch has several limitations, including high hydrophilicity and relatively large particle size, which may restrict its broader functional use. This study investigated the modification of broken rice starch through acetylation followed by sulfuric-acid hydrolysis to obtain acetylated starch with reduced particle size. Acetylation was carried out using two acetic anhydride levels, namely 10 and 20 g/100 g starch, and reaction times of 15, 30, and 45 min. The modified starches were evaluated for acetyl content and degree of substitution (DS), and were further characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), particle size analysis, zeta potential measurement, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Increasing acetic anhydride level and reaction time increased acetyl content and DS, with the highest DS value of 0.119 ± 0.004 obtained at 20 g/100 g starch and 45 min. After acid hydrolysis, the DS decreased to 0.055 ± 0.002. FTIR spectra indicated structural changes after acetylation and subsequent hydrolysis. The acid-hydrolyzed acetylated starch showed an average particle size of 557.72 ± 3.18 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.08 ± 0.03, a zeta potential of 3.10 ± 0.40 mV, and irregular surface morphology. These findings indicate that sequential acetylation and acid hydrolysis of broken rice starch produced an acetylated starch material with reduced particle size and altered surface characteristics. However, the low zeta potential suggests limited colloidal stability, indicating that further optimization is required before further application-related evaluation.

Background and Aim: Delayed ovulation is an important but frequently underrecognized reproductive disorder in cattle that reduces fertility, prolongs calving intervals, and causes substantial economic losses in both dairy and beef production systems. Unlike anovulation or cystic ovarian disease, delayed ovulation is characterized by the late release of a mature oocyte despite normal follicular development, resulting in poor synchrony between ovulation and insemination. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the physiological mechanisms, etiological factors, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies associated with delayed ovulation in cattle. Current evidence published between 2000 and 2025 was critically evaluated to summarize the endocrine regulation of ovulation, emphasizing the coordinated roles of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone. The review highlights the multifactorial nature of delayed ovulation, demonstrating how nutritional deficiencies, negative energy balance, heat stress, postpartum physiological changes, endocrine and metabolic disorders, and reproductive tract inflammation interact to impair follicular maturation and ovulatory timing. Clinical manifestations, including follicular persistence, prolonged or silent estrus, repeat breeding, reduced conception rates, and extended calving intervals, are discussed together with their consequences for herd productivity. Available diagnostic methods, including transrectal ultrasonography, hormonal profiling, behavioral estrus monitoring, precision livestock technologies, and emerging molecular biomarkers, are compared with respect to their clinical applicability and limitations. Therapeutic and preventive strategies, including hormonal synchronization protocols, nutritional optimization, postpartum health management, environmental stress reduction, and assisted reproductive technologies, are reviewed as integrated approaches to restore normal ovarian function and improve reproductive efficiency. Emerging opportunities involving precision livestock farming, artificial intelligence, and biomarker-based prediction are also highlighted as promising tools for early detection and individualized reproductive management. Overall, this review synthesizes current knowledge on delayed ovulation as a distinct reproductive disorder and provides practical, evidence-based guidance for veterinarians, researchers, and livestock producers. Improved understanding, timely diagnosis, and targeted interventions will contribute to enhanced fertility, greater production efficiency, improved animal welfare, and more sustainable cattle production systems. Keywords: artificial insemination, cattle reproduction, delayed ovulation, fertility, follicular development, ovarian physiology, sustainable animal production, ultrasonography.

Background and Aim: The widespread restriction of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in poultry production has accelerated the search for sustainable nutritional strategies that enhance bird health while maintaining productivity. Among these alternatives, probiotics have emerged as promising functional feed additives because of their ability to modulate the gut–immune axis, improve intestinal homeostasis, and strengthen host defense mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current evidence regarding the immunomodulatory mechanisms of probiotics and their potential as sustainable alternatives to AGPs in poultry production. Relevant peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2025 were critically evaluated to summarize the effects of probiotic supplementation on gut microbiota composition, intestinal barrier integrity, innate and adaptive immune responses, disease resistance, and production performance. The review highlights the strain-specific actions of commonly used probiotic genera, including Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, and Saccharomyces, emphasizing their roles in competitive exclusion of pathogens, production of antimicrobial metabolites, regulation of cytokine expression, enhancement of mucosal and systemic antibody responses, and maintenance of immune homeostasis. Emerging evidence on postbiotics, paraprobiotics, synbiotics, and precision nutritional approaches is also discussed as part of next-generation strategies for improving poultry health. Although numerous studies demonstrate beneficial effects of probiotics on intestinal morphology, immune function, vaccine responsiveness, oxidative stress, and resistance to enteric pathogens, considerable variability remains due to differences in probiotic strains, dosage, supplementation period, bird genotype, management practices, and experimental conditions. These inconsistencies highlight the need for standardized strain characterization, optimized administration protocols, and long-term commercial validation to improve reproducibility and field application. Overall, probiotics represent an effective and environmentally sustainable approach for supporting poultry health while reducing dependence on antibiotics. Continued advances in molecular biology, microbiome research, precision livestock farming, and artificial intelligence are expected to facilitate the development of targeted probiotic interventions that enhance disease resistance, improve production efficiency, promote animal welfare, and contribute to sustainable poultry production systems. Keywords: antibiotic alternatives, disease resistance, gut health, immune modulation, microbiota, poultry, probiotics, sustainable production.

Myricetin is a polyphenolic flavonol that is commonly present in tea, grapes, fruits, vegetables, and a number of medicinal plants. It is known to have a number of biological actions that are important for human health. Myricetin stands out for its multifunctional potential in the prevention and treatment of different infectious and degenerative disorders, especially as interest in natural bioactive chemicals grows. The primary mechanism entails robust antioxidant action by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inducing the endogenous enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase. Furthermore, myricetin has anti-inflammatory properties via inhibiting the activation of the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) pathways, which lowers the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines. Numerous in vitro and in vivo investigations have demonstrated its capacity to suppress the growth of cancer cells, trigger apoptosis, and stop metastasis in the context of oncology. Myricetin decreases cholesterol, promotes endothelial function, and guards against atherosclerosis in the cardiovascular system. Its neuroprotective benefits are also encouraging, especially in terms of protecting dopamine in Parkinson’s disease and preventing β-amyloid buildup in Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, myricetin is important for preventing diabetes and obesity because it regulates blood glucose, improves insulin sensitivity, and modifies lipid metabolism. Antimicrobial and antiviral activities have also been documented, although they are still limited to experimental studies. Nevertheless, two significant obstacles to its conversion to practical applications are the lack of extensive clinical trials and the limited oral bioavailability. Future studies will concentrate on developing novel formulations, investigating safe and efficient dosages, and conducting thorough clinical trials. All things considered, myricetin shows significant promise as a multipurpose natural therapeutic candidate that promotes human health.

J emb er R e gency as o n e o f t he r e genci e s wit h t he l a rgest beef c a ttl e p o pul a ti o n in East J a v a, r e c o r ded a high number of FMD cases. In the beef cattle farming business, reproduction is a key factor in the success of beef cattle breeding, therefore this study aims to determine how much impact FMD has on abnormalities in the cattle reproductive system so that it can be known what reproductive disorders occur, the factors that most influence abortion during FMD and the potential economic losses for farmers and business actors engaged in this field in Jember Regency. This study is a quantitative descriptive study aimed at determining the incidence of post-FMD reproductive disorders, identifying the main factors influencing abortion, and estimating the economic losses resulting from abortion and reproductive disorders based on the increase in days open and calving intervals. The results of the study showed that reproductive disorders after FMD were found in 56 % of studied animals with the largest percentage being ovarian hypofunction at 27 %. The incidence of abortion during FMD outbreaks reached 12 % and the most influential factor in the incidence of abortion was FMD virus infection. The economic losses caused by abortions were estimated at IDR 210,840,000 (approximately USD14,000), while the losses due to reproductive disorders calculated on the basis of increased days open and calving intervals were estimated at IDR 1,015,200,000 (approximately USD67,700). Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to further study service per conception, conception rate and calving rate so that the value of the livestock’s reproductive efficiency is known more precisely.

Escherichia coli normally inhabits the intestinal tract of poultry as a commensal organism; however, specific strains such as avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) may become opportunistic pathogens responsible for colibacillosis in birds. The inappropriate use of antibiotics can increase antimicrobial resistance, which may impact public health. This study aimed to detect the presence of the iroN virulence gene specifically in multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli isolates associated with APEC obtained from duck cloacal swabs collected at live markets in Surabaya. This study was designed as a descriptive cross-sectional survey, and the results are presented as prevalence proportions without inferential or correlation statistical testing, as iroN detection was performed exclusively on MDR isolates. Samples were collected from five live markets in Surabaya and cultured on MacConkey agar (MCA). E. coli was identified morphologically through Gram staining and biochemically using Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA), Sulfide Indole Motility (SIM), Simmons Citrate Agar (SCA), indole, and methyl red–Voges–Proskauer (MR–VP) tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on all confirmed E. coli isolates (n = 120), and PCR analysis of the iroN gene was subsequently conducted only on MDR isolates (n = 14). The identification rate of E. coli in this study was 83.3% (120/144). Resistance to erythromycin was 81.7% (98/120), which likely reflects the intrinsic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to macrolides rather than acquired antimicrobial resistance. This was followed by resistance to gentamicin at 19.2% (23/120), ciprofloxacin at 14.2% (17/120), aztreonam at 3.3% (4/120), and chloramphenicol at 2.5% (3/120). The prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) was 11.6% (14/120). Among these MDR isolates, 42.8% (6/14) were positive for the iroN virulence gene. No statistical association between MDR status and iroN carriage was assessed because non-MDR isolates were not screened for iroN. These findings provide baseline descriptive data on MDR and iroN-positive E. coli in traditional markets in Surabaya based on a limited panel of representative antimicrobial classes, without inferring specific resistance mechanisms such as extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production.