Malin Jonsson Kårström

Purpose: To investigate the effect of rifle carriage on performance, physiological responses, power output and external work during a simulated biathlon competition in the field. Methods: Twenty well-trained biathletes (10 women) completed a simulated biathlon competition (women 3 × 1.9 km, men 3 × 2.4 km) twice, one trial while carrying the rifle (WR) and the other without rifle (NR) in a randomized counter-balanced order. Laps were separated by two simulated shootings, lasting 38.9 ± 8.2 s. Trials were separated by 30-min of active recovery. Heart rate and respiratory variables were measured throughout each trial. Furthermore, blood lactate concentration and ratings of perceived exertion were assessed after each lap. Power output and external work were estimated for both trials based on positional data. Results: Overall roller-skiing speed was lower WR than NR (5.49 ± 0.47 vs. 5.69 ± 0.49 m∙s ⁻¹ , p < 0.001), with largest differences during the uphill sections. No differences in physiological responses were found between WR and NR during laps or course sections (p > 0.05), but oxygen uptake and breathing frequency were higher WR than NR during the second simulated shooting (p < 0.05). Mean power output was slightly lower WR than NR; however, the participants performed more external work WR compared to NR due to the longer duration of the WR trial (both p < 0.05). Conclusion: Since elevated physiological markers may negatively impact standing shooting performance, biathletes should optimize their pacing strategies to maximize overall performance. In addition, rifle carriage increases external work through a lengthened skiing duration, which should be considered when planning and performing biathlon training.

Purpose : To investigate how successful junior biathletes performed as senior athletes and whether the transition rate (ie, achieving comparable performance rank as junior and senior) differed between nations with the highest numbers of athletes. Methods : Juniors placed top 10 in individual competitions at Youth and Junior World Championships between 2006 and 2015 were chosen for further analysis. The biathletes were categorized into 5 different performance groups based on their senior performance (1: top 10 ranking in senior World Championships or Olympic Games [Top10-WCH], 2: top 40 ranking in World Cup (WC) total [Top40-WC _tot ], 3: competing in >20 individual WC competitions [>20 WC _starts ] or 4: >20 International Biathlon Union Cup competitions [>20 IBUC _starts ], and 5: competing in starts ]). The distribution across the senior performance groups for the 4 nations with the highest number of athletes (France, Germany, Norway, and Russia) was compared with the overall sample. Results : Out of 454 junior biathletes from 28 nations, 21.8% achieved a comparable performance rank as seniors (Top10-WCH), while 55.7% did starts ) compared with the total sample ( P < .05). Conclusion : The data showed a low transition rate from successful junior-to-senior level, and more than half of the biathletes did not compete regularly in the WC as seniors. The underlying reasons behind the different transition paths and possible differences between nations are of interest for future studies.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate if competition rank in the youth (16–19 years) and junior (20–22 years) World Championships (WCH) and age of the athlete when reaching certain World Cup (WC) performance milestones (debut and top 40, 15, 6 and 3) were related to future World Cup total (WCT) performance.Methods: All data was obtained from the International Biathlon Unions database. The biathletes ranked top 30 in the WCT (82 men, 98 women) during 10 consecutive competition seasons were selected for further analysis. Biathletes were divided into performance groups due to their best WCT ranking (WCT6, rank 1–6; WCT15, rank 7–15; WCT30, rank 16–30). The relation between youth and junior WCH ranking and age when reaching the WC performance milestones with WCT performance was investigated.Results: 63.3% and 86.1% of the biathletes in the WCT top 30 competed in the youth and/or junior WCH, respectively, but the correlation between junior and senior ranking was low. WCT6 reached most of the WC performance milestones at a younger age compared to WCT15 and WCT30 (p > 0.05) and reaching WC top15 at a younger age increased the chance of reaching WCT6 in the future.Conclusion: It seems beneficial to compete internationally (i.e., participation in youth/junior WCH) and reach certain WC performance milestones at a young age to achieve a high ranking in the WCT during adult age. This highlights that biathletes need to have a certain performance level during junior years, although ranking in youth/junior WCH is not a prediction for senior WCT success.

The aim was to investigate whether rifle carriage affects gear distribution during on-snow skiing in highly-trained biathletes, and whether there were any associated sex differences. Twenty-eight biathletes (11 women, 17 men) skied a 2230-m lap at competition speed twice, one lap with the rifle (WR) and the other lap without the rifle (NR). The biathletes wore a portable 3D-motion analysis system while skiing, which enabled characterisation of distance and time in different gears. Skiing WR increased lap time compared to NR (412 (90) vs. 395 (91) s, p < 0.001). The biathletes used gear 2 to a greater extent WR compared to NR (distance: 413 ± 139 vs. 365 ± 142 m; time: 133 (95) vs. 113 (86) s; both p < 0.001) and gear 3 less (distance: 713 ± 166 vs. 769 ± 182 m, p < 0.001; time: 141 ± 33 vs. 149 ± 37 s, p = 0.008), with similar patterns for women and men. Differences between WR and NR in the use of gears 3 and 2 were more extensive for moderate compared to steeper uphill terrain. Rifle carriage increased the use of gear 2, which was negatively associated with performance. Therefore, preparing biathletes to be able to cover more distance in gear 3 WR, especially in moderate uphill terrain, may improve biathlon skiing performance.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate how rifle carriage and skiing speed during biathlon roller skiing affect range of motion (ROM) in joint angles and equipment (skis and poles), the vertical distance between shoulders and treadmill (vert_dist), as well as possible sex differences associated with rifle carriage.Methods: Fourteen biathletes (6 women, 8 men) roller‐skied on a treadmill at submaximal and simulated race speeds, with (WR) and without (NR) a rifle, using gears 3 and 2. Kinematical data for the whole body, poles, roller‐skis, rifle, and treadmill were monitored using a 3D motion capture system. Movements determined as flexion/extension (x), abduction/adduction (y), and/or internal/external rotation (z) were analyzed for the hip, shoulder, thorax, knee, ankle, elbow, poles, and roller skis. ROM (the difference between maximal and minimal angles) in joints and equipment, and vert_dist were analyzed over six skiing cycles during each condition (WR and NR) and speed.Results: The maximal vert_dist was lower for WR compared with NR (gear 3: 1.53 ± 0.06 vs 1.54 ± 0.06 m; gear 2: 1.49 ± 0.06 vs 1.51 ± 0.06 m; both p < 0.001). ROM in the upper body was altered when roller skiing WR (movements decreased in thorax and shoulder (x) and increased in elbow (only gear 3) (x), thorax (only gear 2), and shoulder (y) and (z); all p < 0.05) and increased with speed, without differences between sexes (p > 0.05).Conclusion: Since rifle carriage and speed appear to affect the kinematics of roller skiing, coaches, and biathletes are advised to perform skiing technique training under competition‐like conditions (i.e., at race speeds while carrying the rifle).

Purpose: The purpose was to investigate whether an increased amount of training while carrying the rifle affects skiing in well-trained biathletes at submaximal and maximal workloads during a pre-season period lasting a minimum of 12 weeks. Methods: Seventeen well-trained biathletes (9 females, 8 males) were assigned to an intervention (IG, n = 10) or control (CG, n = 7) group. Before (T1) and after (T2) the training intervention all participants performed, using treadmill roller-skiing, a submaximal test without the rifle on one day and two submaximal workloads and a maximal time trial (TT) with the rifle on a subsequent day. Between T1 and T2 all participants performed a minimum of 12 weeks of normal training, the only difference between groups being that IG performed more of their training sessions carrying the rifle. Results: IG performed more training compared to CG (15.4 ± 1.1 vs. 11.2 ± 2.6 h/week, P < 0.05), including a higher amount of training with the rifle (3.1 ± 0.6 vs. 1.1 ± 0.3 h/week, P < 0.001). Speed at 4 mmol/L of blood lactate increased significantly for CG from T1 to T2 (P = 0.028), while only tended to increase for IG (P = 0.058). Performance during the TT, VO_2max and the aerobic metabolic rate increased significantly from T1 to T2, although the differences disappeared when including the speed at baseline as a covariate. Conclusion: According to the present results, increasing training while carrying the rifle by 2 h/week does not appear to improve skiing performance in well-trained biathletes. In addition, physiological markers at submaximal and maximal intensities while carrying the rifle were not affected after the training intervention.

Biomechanical differences in double poling (DP) between sex and performance level were investigated in female and male cross-country skiers during a classical race (10/15 km). Skiers were divided into faster and slower on basis of race performance: females faster (n=20), females slower (n=20), males faster (n=20), and males slower (n=20). Based on video analysis while DP in a flat section of the track, joint and pole angles at pole plant (PP) and pole-off, cycle characteristics and the use and coordination pattern of heel-raise (raise of heels from the ground to have a higher body position at PP) were analysed. Faster females and males had 4.3% and 7.8% higher DP velocity than their slower counterparts (both P<0.001). Faster males had 6.5% longer cycles than slower males (P<0.001). Faster skiers stopped heel-raise later than slower skiers (females: 2.0±3.4% vs. −1.0±3.5%, P<0.05; males: 3.9±2.4% vs. 0.8±3.2% of cycle time in relation to PP, P<0.001). At PP, faster skiers and male skiers had a smaller pole angle and greater ankle to hip and ankle to shoulder angle with respect to vertical, resulting in a more distinct forward body lean. However, the majority of the differences are likely due to higher DP velocity.