Qingya Li

Hypersonic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) control has considerable potential for optimizing the aerodynamic and thermal characteristics of hypersonic vehicles and managing flows such as boundary layer transitions. As key factors influencing MHD control, magnetic field parameters are a central focus of research. To address the challenges in simulating 3D magnetic fields and assessing their impact on MHD control, this study employed a 3D, low-magnetic-Reynolds-number MHD model to conduct numerical simulations. These simulations helped investigate hypersonic MHD control under various magnetic field types and configurations and analyze the underlying mechanisms and their effects on the flow field and thermal/force distributions. The results indicate that the direction of the Lorentz force is jointly determined by the orientations of the magnetic field and the flow field. Different Lorentz force directions influence the shock stand-off distance through distinct mechanisms, near-wall Lorentz forces can effectively regulate the increase or decrease in surface heat flux. Under the computational conditions of this study, considering both MHD thermal protection performance and the MHD shock control effectiveness, the optimal magnetic control parameters for the two-dimensional solenoid model are determined as LM = 0.26 m and x0 = 0.04 m. Through three-dimensional magnetic field analysis, the optimal magnetic configuration for the three-dimensional model is identified as M9. The external flow fields generated by spatial magnetic configurations M4, M5, M7, and M8 exhibit significant asymmetry, and the numerical simulation results provide theoretical support for the application of magnetic field in hypersonic vehicle attitude control.

Hypersonic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) control has considerable potential for optimizing the aerodynamic and thermal characteristics of hypersonic vehicles and managing flows such as boundary layer transitions. As key factors influencing MHD control, magnetic field parameters are a central focus of research. To address the challenges in simulating 3D magnetic fields and assessing their impact on MHD control, this study employed a 3D, low-magnetic-Reynolds-number MHD model to conduct numerical simulations. These simulations helped investigate hypersonic MHD control under various magnetic field types and configurations and analyze the underlying mechanisms and their effects on the flow field and thermal/force distributions. The results indicate that the direction of the Lorentz force is jointly determined by the orientations of the magnetic field and the flow field. Different Lorentz force directions influence the shock stand-off distance through distinct mechanisms, near-wall Lorentz forces can effectively regulate the increase or decrease in surface heat flux. Under the computational conditions of this study, considering both MHD thermal protection performance and the MHD shock control effectiveness, the optimal magnetic control parameters for the two-dimensional solenoid model are determined as LM = 0.26 m and x0 = 0.04 m. Through three-dimensional magnetic field analysis, the optimal magnetic configuration for the three-dimensional model is identified as M9. The external flow fields generated by spatial magnetic configurations M4, M5, M7, and M8 exhibit significant asymmetry, and the numerical simulation results provide theoretical support for the application of magnetic field in hypersonic vehicle attitude control.

The miniaturization of three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs) intensifies the size-dependent mechanical behavior of Through-Silicon Via (TSV) interposers, while their service in advanced applications inevitably subjects them to dynamic impact loads, collectively raising reliability concerns. This study introduces a multiscale framework integrating nonlocal strain gradient theory (NSGT) and first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT). The framework effectively characterizes size-dependent mechanical behavior by simultaneously modeling nonlocal softening and strain-gradient stiffening effects. Under periodic boundary conditions, representative volume element-based homogenization bridges the gap between microstructural heterogeneity and macroscopic response, providing equivalent material properties for interposers containing cylindrical and trapezoidal TSVs. The derived NSGT–FSDT governing equations incorporate von Kármán geometric nonlinearity, Winkler–Pasternak foundation effects, and initial imperfections. Transient nonlinear responses under diverse impact loads are solved via the Galerkin method with the fourth-order Runge–Kutta algorithm. To overcome prohibitive computational costs, a genetic algorithm-optimized backpropagation neural network (GA-BPNN) surrogate model is developed, maintaining fidelity while accelerating analysis. Validated against established benchmarks, the analytical model demonstrates high accuracy in predicting modal frequencies and buckling loads, on which basis the developed GA-BPNN surrogate further achieves prediction errors below 2% for both metrics. Parametric analyses reveal heightened sensitivity to impact duration, pulse shape, and damping ratio, with peak buckling risk occurring when load duration aligns with the fundamental vibration period. This work provides an efficient, high-accuracy tool for dynamic stability assessment and design optimization of TSV interposers in 3D ICs under real-world loading conditions.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most prevalent mesenchymal tumors of the digestive tract. To investigate the association of imatinib mesylate plasma concentration with adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and influences of genetic polymorphisms on ADRs in GIST patients taking imatinib, a cohort of GIST patients consecutively treated with imatinib were included in the observational study. Clinical, pathologic and genotype information was recorded at enrollment and blood samples were collected at time as design. The plasma concentration of the imatinib was detected by LC-MS/MS. A questionnaire was used to evaluate the ADRs at each visit. SNPs in 13 genes were analyzed for a possible association with ADRs. The mean plasma trough concentration of 129 patients taking imatinib was 1.45 ± 0.79 μg/ml, average peak concentration was 2.63 ± 1.07 μg/ml. The imatinib concentration in patients treated with 600 mg/day was significantly higher than other dosage groups (P < 0.05). The ADRs were mostly mild. Edema, vomiting, and fatigue were significantly correlated with imatinib concentration (P < 0.05). Mutations of IL13 rs1800925 and CXCL14 rs7716492 were related with the incidence of leukopenia and rash in our research, separately (P < 0.05). We confirmed that with the increase of imatinib concentration, the incidence of edema, vomiting, and fatigue rises as well. Mutations of IL13 rs1800925 and CXCL14 rs7716492 may be the promising biomarkers to predict the ADRs of imatinib. The results of the study are of guiding significance for the use of imatinib in patients with GIST.