Margherita Beatrice Borg

Background/Objectives: Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is a significant complication of breast cancer (BC) treatment, characterized by swelling and fluid accumulation. Many risk factors have already been proven to be related to BCRL; meanwhile, many others are still debated and poorly investigated in the literature. This study investigated the potential involvement of commonly prescribed chronic medications in BCRL development. Methods: This observational retrospective cohort study included 162 post-surgical breast cancer survivors attending an oncological rehabilitation outpatient service between January 2021 and April 2023. BCRL was diagnosed by physicians through clinical evaluation and objective measures (≥2 cm increase in circumferential girth measurements). Descriptive statistics summarized patient characteristics, and Cox regression models (univariable and multivariable) were employed to analyze risk factors for BCRL. Results: BCRL was observed in 53% of participants. The univariable model identified BMI (hazard ratio 1.07, 95% CI 1.02–1.11), overweight (BMI ≥ 25) (HR 1.46, 95% CI 0.95–2.25), and breast prosthesis implantation (HR 1.75, 95% CI 1.09–2.80) as potential risk factors for lymphedema. In the multivariable model, overweight (HR 2.90, 95% CI 1.18–7.14), hypertension (HR 5.09, 95% CI 1.88–13.79), radiotherapy (HR 3.67, 95% CI 1.43–9.38), and breast prosthesis implantation (HR 8.93, 95% CI 2.77–28.81) were identified as independent risk factors for BCRL. Conclusions: The findings emphasize the need for further research to understand the role of chronic medications in BCRL risk comprehensively.

Osteoporotic vertebral fractures (OVFs) significantly impair the quality of life in older adults. Spinal orthoses are commonly used, but their effectiveness is debated. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the impact of different spinal orthoses on pain, functionality, and quality of life in patients with OVFs. A review of PubMed, Scopus, PEDro, and Cochrane Library was conducted, covering studies from 2000 to 2024. Studies assessing spinal orthoses’ effects on pain, functionality, and quality of life in adults with OVFs were included. Ten studies involving 970 participants were included. Several studies reported significant improvements in pain, functionality, and quality of life with spinal orthoses. Dynamic hyperextension orthoses, such as Spinomed® and Spinfast®, showed potential benefits, particularly in enhancing trunk muscle strength. In conclusion, spinal orthoses may help manage pain and improve functionality and quality of life in OVFs. However, further high-quality trials are needed to confirm their efficacy.

Stroke survivors commonly face challenges such as reduced physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) as well as balance and gait impairments, exacerbating their disability. While high-intensity exercise interventions have demonstrated some potential, their effects on these items remain uncertain. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate the impact of high-intensity training protocols on CRF, gait ability, and balance in stroke survivor populations. Two independent investigators systematically searched five databases for relevant RCTs following the PICO model. Through a systematic review of 25 RCTs published up to 31 May 2023, including adult first-stroke survivors, comparing high-intensity exercise training versus low-to-mild or no exercises, we evaluated outcomes such as the Six-Minute Walking Test (6 MWT), peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), Ten-Meter Walk Test (10 MWT), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and Timed Up and Go test (TUG). The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (registration number CRD42023456773). Meta-analyses indicated significant enhancements in CRF, as measured by 6 MWT and VO2peak, following high-intensity exercise interventions. However, no significant differences were observed in BBS, 10 MWT, and TUG. Our findings underscore the potential of high-intensity exercise interventions in ameliorating CRF among stroke survivors, although further research involving standardized protocols and long-term follow-ups is imperative to optimize rehabilitation outcomes.

Objective: To compare the effect of rectus femoris diagnostic motor nerve blocks (DNB) with anaesthetics and rectus femoris muscle botulinum toxin (BoNT-A) injection in multiple sclerosis patients with unilateral stiff-knee gait. Design: Prospective observational study Subjects/Patients: Multiple sclerosis patients in stable condition. Methods: Patients underwent evaluation before and 1 hour after the anaesthetic block, and 1 month after the botulinum injection. Assessment included a 10-m walking test, a 6-minute walking test, a timed-up-and-go (TUG) test, and a Baseline Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Post-DNB and post-BoNT-A satisfaction was measured with the global assessment of efficacy scale. Results: Fourteen patients with unilateral stiff-knee gait due to multiple sclerosis underwent a DNB, among whom 13 received botulinum injections in the rectus femoris muscle after a satisfying test result. Positive post-DNB results correlated with significant functional improvements after BoNT-A. Higher EDSS and longer time from diagnosis correlated with poorer post-DNB and post-BoNT-A absolute outcomes. Conclusion: DNB showed predictive value for BoNT-A outcomes, especially in the case of worse functional status. It effectively predicted endurance and walking speed improvement, while TUG showed greater improvement after botulinum. In cases of uncertain therapeutic benefit, nerve blocks may provide a valuable diagnostic support, particularly in patients with lower functional status.

Axillary web syndrome (AWS) is a highly prevalent surgical complication affecting BC survivors. It presents as a subcutaneous cording that limits the upper limb range of motion (ROM) and causes pain. Its etiology is still debated, and its treatment is not well defined. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the safety, tolerability and efficacy of our specific AWS rehabilitative treatment protocol. We conducted an observational retrospective study on a cohort of 92 AWS patients referred to the oncological outpatient service of a university hospital. We collected data from medical records before (T0) and after (T1) the treatment. The studied protocol was composed of 60-min sessions, carried out 3 times/week by specialized physiotherapists, until the clinical resolution of AWS. We found that a mean of 8.74 ± 2.12 rehabilitative sessions were needed, and only one patient stopped early. At T1, shoulder ROM was complete in both abduction and flexion in 98% of patients; AWS was no longer detectable in 64% of them, and pain significantly decreased compared to T0. In conclusion, our protocol proved to be safe, well-tolerated and seemed to be effective in treating AWS.

Background: Balance impairment is a common disability in post-stroke survivors, leading to reduced mobility and increased fall risk. Robotic gait training (RAGT) is largely used, along with traditional training. There is, however, no strong evidence about RAGT superiority, especially on balance. This study aims to determine RAGT efficacy on balance of post-stroke survivors. Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library, and PeDRO databases were investigated. Randomized clinical trials evaluating RAGT efficacy on post-stroke survivor balance with Berg Balance Scale (BBS) or Timed Up and Go test (TUG) were searched. Meta-regression analyses were performed, considering weekly sessions, single-session duration, and robotic device used. Results: A total of 18 trials have been included. BBS pre-post treatment mean difference is higher in RAGT-treated patients, with a pMD of 2.17 (95% CI 0.79; 3.55). TUG pre-post mean difference is in favor of RAGT, but not statistically, with a pMD of −0.62 (95%CI − 3.66; 2.43). Meta-regression analyses showed no relevant association, except for TUG and treatment duration (β = −1.019, 95% CI − 1.827; −0.210, p-value = 0.0135). Conclusions: RAGT efficacy is equal to traditional therapy, while the combination of the two seems to lead to better outcomes than each individually performed. Robot-assisted balance training should be the focus of experimentation in the following years, given the great results in the first available trials. Given the massive heterogeneity of included patients, trials with more strict inclusion criteria (especially time from stroke) must be performed to finally define if and when RAGT is superior to traditional therapy.