Shoukat Ali

Despite being a crucial subject, English language proficiency remains a challenge for many students, impacting their academic performance and future prospects. By applying quantitative research approach, incorporating quantitative research methodologies, this study seeks to identify and analyze the various factors influencing students 'performance in English. Through surveys, interviews, and academic record analysis, there search was delved into aspect such as teaching methodologies, curriculum adequacy, student attitudes towards English, socio-economic backgrounds, language proficiency levels, parental involvement, and institutional support systems. The total number of students who failed in the English subject in Tehsil Bhowana was 991.Convenient sampling was used to choose 131 students of class 10th who failed in class9th English Subject however 131 students made up the study sample. The sample size of this study was 131 students of secondary schools of Tehsil Bhawana District Chiniot by keeping the confidence interval 8% and confidence level 95%.The sample size was determined by using online available software i.e. www.surveysystems.com.A questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analyzed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings of this study provide detailed insights into the factors contributing to students' failure in English at the secondary school level in Tehsil Bhawana, District Chiniot. Among the 131 respondents, 51.1% were aged between 12-15 years, and 48.9% were aged between 15-20 years, ensuring a balanced representation of adolescents in critical developmental stages. A majority (74.8%) of the participants were male, while 25.2% were female. All respondents (100%) were at the beginner level of English proficiency, indicating a uniform need for foundational language instruction. Most students (99.2%) have studied English for 5-10 years, yet they still struggle with basic language skills. Socio-economic factors also played a significant role, with 74.8% of respondents' mothers being illiterate and 96.2% residing in rural areas, limiting access to educational resources.

Job satisfaction is crucial as it directly impacts employee motivation, productivity, and overall well-being. When employees are satisfied with their work, they are more likely to remain engaged, contribute positively to the organization, and stay committed long-term. Education quality delivered at this level depends on one’s job satisfaction of the teachers to enhance their motivation and commitment, as well as productivity. It has been for this reason that this study was conducted with regard to the job satisfaction of male and female elementary teachers in Tehsil Bhawana, District Chiniot Punjab Pakistan. There are many factors that affect the job satisfaction of elementary teachers at elementary level but this study focuses on the factor: the element influencing the job-satisfaction for teachers in elementary school and reasonable workplace environment. The population of the study was consisted of teachers from all government boy’s and girl’s elementary schools of Bhawana city. The sample comprised 120 teachers from 34 selected schools, using convenient sampling technique. Quantitative data was collected through a structured questionnaire depicting the Likert scale of 1 to 5. To analyse quantitative data, descriptive statistics were used with the help of Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS). The collected data were concerning the demographic characteristics of the teachers and the level of the job satisfaction of the elementary school teachers. A majority of the responders were 26 to 35 years and 66.7% were males. Unsatisfactory professional development and other major services emerged, though thirty respondents were content with instructional resources. Intentionally, people were happy when autonomy, safety, and good lighting had at workplace, in addition to job satisfaction. In addition, an important baseline condition was confirmed to satisfaction with facilities and physical space (p = 0.003), which proved the general effect of these criteria on the instructors’ well-being.

Floods have caused major losses and damages to people, infrastructure, and the environment. This study aims to assess the risk perception of households prone to riverine and flash floods and the perceived damages to infrastructure and livelihoods. Data were collected from 382 households through a questionnaire survey and analyzed using chi-squared and t-tests. Overall, risk perception was higher for riverine floods. Similarly, ‘flood coping capacities’, ‘livelihood disruption’, ‘change in lifestyle/adjusting to floods’, and ‘change in the relationship’ were also high for riverine floods and statistically significant (p-value < 0.05). The ‘likelihood of future flood damages’ perception was higher for flash floods (mean values: 0.913 vs. 0.779), while the ‘infrastructural damages’ showed the same results. The perceptions of ‘livelihoods’ and perceived ‘economic loss’ were greater for riverine floods (p-value < 0.05). The perceptions of ‘livestock damages’ and ‘household damages’ were higher for flash floods.

Many tropical regions are promoting the cultivation of oil palm. In this regard, different national and international organizations promote oil palm cultivation in Thailand. However, socio-economic and institutional factors are very important to be considered in the adoption of its cultivation. This study aims first to determine the various socio-economic and institutional factors in adopting oil palm cultivation, and second, to explore the role of these stated factors in the extent of the adoption of oil palm. The data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire in Seka of Bueng Kan province of Thailand. The double-hurdle model was used for the estimation of the farmers’ decision to adopt the new technology and the extent of adoption. Results show that the adoption and extent of adoption of oil palm cultivation were positively influenced by gender (male), oil palm training, and access to extension services, while the size of landholding per family member and age negatively influenced its adoption/extent. To increase the adoption rate of oil palm cultivation, young, educated farmers should be encouraged by providing training and credit and extension services should be made accessible.