Sandra Stanković

The European Union's revised Industrial Emissions Directive (IED), introduces significant enhancements aimed at reducing pollution from large industrial installations and intensive livestock farms. This modernization aligns with the European Green Deal's Zero Pollution ambition, targeting a healthier environment and promoting industrial innovation. The updated IED extends its regulatory reach to additional sources of emissions. Notably, it now encompasses more large-scale intensive livestock farms, including the largest pig and poultry operations. This expansion is essential in mitigating nitrogen pollution across air, water, and soil. The Directive also brings the extraction of metals and large-scale battery production under its purview, addressing emerging industrial activities with significant environmental footprints. To analyze the impact and effectiveness of the updated IED, an online systematic review was conducted using peer-reviewed literature, official EU reports, and policy evaluations from 2020 to 2025. A comparative analysis was carried out to assess key changes against the previous IED (2010/75/EU), using case studies and reported data. Findings from the review highlight several important aspects of the directive, like stricter emission limits and target reductions. In a concluding sense, IED 2.0 success will depend on effective enforcement, industry cooperation, and technological innovation. Future research should focus on digital monitoring tools, financial sustainability models, and regulatory refinements to ensure longterm compliance and impact.

Electrical power distribution networks are inherently susceptible to service interruptions, such as those caused by grid faults. Maintaining the operational continuity of critical infrastructure, particularly isolated water supply pumping stations, requires robust backup power solutions. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) systems commonly utilize Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), which, in addition to providing backup power, can facilitate energy arbitrage to reduce electricity costs. This study examines the feasibility of commercially available BESS for ensuring the autonomous operation of a water pumping station equipped with a main electric motor pump drive rated at 330 kW. Using historical municipal water consumption data for the Cres-Lošinj archipelago, obtained from publicly available sources, simulations were conducted to model the operation of pumping stations with and without BESS integration during continuous operation. The resulting data provides a comprehensive analysis of potential energy savings, cost reductions, and estimated return on investment (ROI).

During its operation, sometimes it is a needed to swiftly replenish the battery from a partially depleted state, while strictly adhering to its technological limitations such as the battery terminal voltage and rated continuous charging current. To achieve this goal, this contribution outlines the dynamic battery recharging system, utilizing feedback provided by the nonlinear estimator of the battery state-of-charge (SoC) or SoC-related open-circuit-voltage (OCV). In the former case, the estimator is realized as an extended Kalman filter (EKF), while in the latter case it is implemented using the methodology of a System Reference Adaptive Model (SRAM), whose design is based on the Lyapunov stability theory. Thus-obtained innovative adaptive battery chargers are compared against the conventional constant-current/constant-voltage (CCCV) charging system, which relies solely on battery voltage feedback. A comprehensive comparative analysis is conducted through extensive simulations utilizing the nonlinear equivalent circuit model of the lithium titanate battery (LTO) cell.

The simulation of the clutch lever forging process was carried out using Qform software, which is based on numerical and finite element methods, while the tool itself was modeled in SolidWorks CAD software. The stress-deformation state of the workpiece in the process of hot forging in an asymmetric dies for forging with excess material, which represents one of the most common technologies in modern industrial processes of the metalworking industry was analyzed and monitored in this paper.