Ragala Jhansi

This study presents the development and analysis of a new metal-free nanocomposite that incorporates functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for reinforcing polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture bases. The f-MWCNTs were integrated with g-C3N4 nanoparticles, and their structural and morphological features were examined using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Raman spectroscopy. A mechanical blending process was employed to synthesize the nanocomposite by mixing 2 wt% of the f-MWCNT/g-C3N4 with PMMA polymer powder, followed by heat curing to form the composite material. Specimens for mechanical testing were crafted to measure flexural strength, impact resistance, compressive performance, and hardness. The findings revealed that the f-MWCNT/g-C3N4-reinforced PMMA composites outperformed standard PMMA in mechanical robustness. Surface examination of the tested samples through SEM showed distinctive dimpling and roughness, indicating a toughened fracture surface in comparison to pure PMMA and g-C3N4 samples. The study concludes that this innovative f-MWCNT/g-C3N4 composite is a promising reinforcement for PMMA denture bases, enhancing both their mechanical and physical attributes. Keywords: PMMA, functionalization, MWCNTs, Graphitic Carbide Nitride, Mechanical Properties and Denture Base

The fourth industrial revolution is currently seeing the emergence of additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, which has the potential to transform current manufacturing procedures. In this work we present an electrochemical sensor for detection of urea in human urine by using the 3D-printed electrode. A commercial 3D conductive filament of carbon black and polylactic acid (PLA) is used by the fused deposition modeling (FDM) printer for the manufacturing of the electrode. The mechanical strength of the electrode was analyzed by performing the tensile, flexural, and impact tests using a Universal testing Machine. The fracture failures were studied using the Scanning Electron Microscope. The stability and reproducibility of the electrode is analyzed by performing fifteen repeated cyclic voltammetric responses to 0.1M of uric acid. The 3D printed electrode offered the detection limit of uric acid with 1.18 μM and a sensitivity of 97.9 nA μM^-1. Keywords: 3D-Printing, Additive Manufacturing, Polylactic acid, Uric Acid and Electrochemical Sensor

Two-dimensional 2D carbon materials especially graphene has gained a significant potential in biomedical and pathological research over a decade. Graphene or Graphene Oxide (GO) is a new material to the field of clinical nanomedicine which is necessary to correlate the physiochemical properties with the existing nanomaterials. The present study is intended to determine the physiochemical properties of graphene leading to potential molecular or cellular injury. Initially we correlated the cellular responses to the lateral dimensions of GO. For this purpose, nano graphene oxide was synthesized by hummer’s method and obtained fine Nano-GO flakes of 200nm size. The crystalline dimensions, micro strain and dislocation densities of the Nano-GOs were analyzed by using the Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to determine the shape of the as-synthesized Nano-GOs. The cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were evaluated by using the cultured human lung epithelium cells (BEAS-2B). GO nanoflakes were exposed to the cultured cells in a dosage pattern of 1, 10, and 100µg/ml. The interactions of GO nanoflakes with the cultured cells were studied using the analytical techniques confocal microscopy, flow cytometry and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). It is found that GO nanoflakes interacted with the plasma membrane and internalized via clathrin and caveolae-mediated endocytosis. From the obtained results we summarize that mechanism of interaction of GO nanoflakes with non-phagocytic cell lines over time that can be exploited for the design of biomedically-applicable 2D transport systems. Keywords: 2D Materials, Graphene, Hummers Method, BEAS-2B, Cytotoxicity and Oxidation Stress.

In the present work, we report the fabrication, spectroscopic, and mechanical properties of the novel f-MWCNTS/g-C ₃ N ₄ /TiO ₂ (MGT-NCs) metal-free ternary nanocomposite reinforced denture base PMMA. The functionalised-MWCNTs were introduced into the graphitic carbon nitride (g-C ₃ N ₄ ) nanopowders (NPs). The obtained high porous f-MWCNTS/g-C ₃ N ₄ NPs were mixed with 10 wt% of TiO ₂ NPs previously hydrothermally synthesized. These prepared powders were characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, FT-IR, and Raman spectroscopy to study the crystal structure and morphology. Using a mechanical blender 2 wt% of g-C ₃ N ₄ , MWCNT/g-C ₃ N ₄ , and MGT-NCs were sintered into PMMA heat-activated denture base polymer powder and mixed with monomer to fabricate the composites through heat curing. Three different varieties of composite specimens were prepared into flexural, impact, compression, and hardness testing standards. From the comparative assessment of results, it is found that novel MGT-NCs reinforced PMMA exhibited superior mechanical properties. The surface morphology of the fractured and compressed specimens was studied using the SEM analysis and found to have dimples and increased roughness compared to the pristine PMMA and g-C ₃ N ₄ , MWCNT/g-C ₃ N ₄ . Hence, the fabricated novel metal-free MGT-NCs can be used as a reinforcement material in PMMA denture bases to achieve a concurrent enhancement in both physical and mechanical properties.

Covid-19 still remains as global pandemic surging with different variants like alpha, beta, gamma, delta and most omicronin various countries resulted into SARS-CoV-2. An escalation in random testing for Covid-19 is considered as golden standard by World Health Organization (WHO) to control the spread of Corona virus. RT-PCR and nucleic acid hybridization strategies are the two highly sensitive outstanding tests used for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in the DNA by the former and RNA/DNA by the later. Apart from the test for virus, antigen and antibodies other alternative hematological tests like CRP, Ferritine, IL-6, Blood Platelets and WBC and plasma became essential for the detection and management of Covid-19. Overcoming the limitations a rapid, efficient, low-cost and easy-to-implement test kits are in imperative need to meet the requirement. Electrochemical sensors are considered as potential, ultra-fast and point-of-care sensors used as self-testing kits. In this work, a meta review of various modified electrodes with different nanomaterials such as graphene, CNTs, and nano-dopants used as electrochemical sensors in association with testing various different parameters for detection of Covid-19. A detailed discussion on the merits and demerits of present testing patterns and scope of screen-printed electrochemical sensors modified with different nanomaterials and their advantages are presented.