Małgorzata Zawrzykraj

Peri-implantitis is a plaque-associated inflammatory condition characterized by progressive loss of supporting peri-implant bone and remains one of the most challenging biological complications in implant dentistry. Although reconstructive procedures are increasingly used, the relative effectiveness of different regenerative biomaterials and biologically enhanced strategies remains uncertain. This structured narrative review critically evaluates current clinical evidence for regenerative biomaterials used in peri-implantitis treatment and places emerging biological and cell-based approaches within their appropriate translational context. A structured literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE. Particular emphasis was placed on direct human evidence concerning enamel matrix derivative, porous titanium granules, deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM), hydroxyapatite, biphasic calcium phosphate, and platelet-rich fibrin, while periodontal, endodontic, and preclinical studies were considered indirect or translational evidence where relevant. Available clinical studies indicate that reconstructive procedures can improve radiographic defect fill and selected peri-implant clinical parameters; however, radiographic improvement does not necessarily correspond to complete disease resolution or true re-osseointegration. Among currently evaluated grafting materials, DBBM, porous titanium granules, and hydroxyapatite are supported by direct human clinical evidence, although heterogeneity in HA formulations and accompanying treatment protocols limits material-specific conclusions. BCP-containing reconstructive protocols have also been evaluated clinically, but the independent contribution of BCP remains difficult to isolate. Enamel matrix derivative and platelet-rich fibrin may provide biologically active adjunctive effects, although their independent contribution within multimodal regenerative protocols remains difficult to determine. Emerging cell-based and cell-derived strategies offer additional regenerative potential but remain predominantly supported by preclinical or translational evidence. No single biomaterial has demonstrated universal superiority. Future studies require standardized disease definitions, defect classifications, outcome measures, adequately powered multicentre trials, long-term follow-up, and improved patient and defect stratification to determine which regenerative strategies provide clinically meaningful and durable benefits.

The increasing prevalence of obesity-related primary arterial hypertension (PAH) in the pediatric population emphasizes the need to develop new biomarkers that can aid in clinical practice for prevention or early diagnosis of the cardiovascular disease. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between selected adipokines, cytokines, and blood pressure (BP) values in children with obesity. A total of 78 children participated in the study: 60 children with obesity (study group) and 18 children with normal weight (control group). Blood pressure was measured according to guidelines. Serum levels of metabolic and inflammatory markers, including leptin, adiponectin, resistin, ghrelin, interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and insulin were determined using multiplex immunoassays. Statistical analysis included correlation and ROC tests to identify potential predictors of PAH. The study group had significantly higher systolic and diastolic BP compared to the control group (p < 0.0001). Serum levels of leptin, IL-6, VEGF, insulin, and resistin were increased in the study group. Leptin, IL-6 and resistin correlated positively with BP values (p < 0.05), while ghrelin and adiponectin correlated negatively. ROC analysis identified leptin, IL-6, and VEGF as the most promising biomarkers for predicting PAH. The results confirm the role of adipokines and cytokines in the pathogenesis of PAH. The assessment of adipokine and cytokine profiles complements traditional anthropometric parameters such as BMI in assessing cardiovascular risk. Leptin, IL-6, and VEGF presented the strongest correlation with hypertension, suggesting their potential in future diagnostic and preventive strategies.

The length and topographical location of septal papillary muscles in adult human hearts. Background: This study aimed to evaluate the relative length and anatomical position of septal papillary muscles, including the papillary muscle of...

Non-healing wounds and skin losses constitute significant challenges for modern medicine and pharmacology. Conventional methods of wound treatment are effective in basic healthcare; however, they are insufficient in managing chronic wound and large skin defects, so novel, alternative methods of therapy are sought. Among the potentially innovative procedures, the use of skin substitutes may be a promising therapeutic method. Skin substitutes are a heterogeneous group of materials that are used to heal and close wounds and temporarily or permanently fulfill the functions of the skin. Classification can be based on the structure or type (biological and synthetic). Simple constructs (class I) have been widely researched over the years, and can be used in burns and ulcers. More complex substitutes (class II and III) are still studied, but these may be utilized in patients with deep skin defects. In addition, 3D bioprinting is a rapidly developing method used to create advanced skin constructs and their appendages. The aforementioned therapies represent an opportunity for treating patients with diabetic foot ulcers or deep skin burns. Despite these significant developments, further clinical trials are needed to allow the use skin substitutes in the personalized treatment of chronic wounds.

Endothelial cells are a preferential target for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Previously, we have reported that vascular adenosine deaminase 1 (ADA1) may serve as a biomarker of endothelial activation and vascular inflammation, while ADA2 plays a critical role in monocyte and macrophage function. In this study, we investigated the activities of circulating ADA isoenzymes in patients 8 weeks after mild COVID-19 and related them to the parameters of inflammation and microvascular/endothelial function. Post-COVID patients revealed microvascular dysfunction associated with the changes in circulating parameters of endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory activation. Interestingly, serum total ADA and ADA2 activities were diminished in post-COVID patients, while ADA1 remained unchanged in comparison to healthy controls without a prior diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. While serum ADA1 activity tended to positively correspond with the parameters of endothelial activation and inflammation, sICAM-1 and TNFα, serum ADA2 activity correlated with IL-10. Simultaneously, post-COVID patients had lower circulating levels of ADA1-anchoring protein, CD26, that may serve as an alternative receptor for virus binding. This suggests that after the infection CD26 is rather maintained in cell-attached form, enabling ADA1 complexing. This study points to the possible role of ADA isoenzymes in cardiovascular complications after mild COVID-19.

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (AD-MSCs) have been extensively studied in recent years. Their attractiveness is due to the ease of obtaining clinical material (fat tissue, lipoaspirate) and the relatively large number of AD-MSCs present in adipose tissue. In addition, AD-MSCs possess a high regenerative potential and immunomodulatory activities. Therefore, AD-MSCs have great potential in stem cell-based therapies in wound healing as well as in orthopedic, cardiovascular, or autoimmune diseases. There are many ongoing clinical trials on AD-MSC and in many cases their effectiveness has been proven. In this article, we present current knowledge about AD-MSCs based on our experience and other authors. We also demonstrate the application of AD-MSCs in selected pre-clinical models and clinical studies. Adipose-derived stromal cells can also be the pillar of the next generation of stem cells that will be chemically or genetically modified. Despite much research on these cells, there are still important and interesting areas to explore.