Maretaningtias Dwi Ariani

The membranes used in bone reconstructions have been the object of investigation in the field of tissue engineering, seeking to improve their mechanical strength and add other properties, mainly the osteopromotive. This study aimed to evaluate the functionalization of collagen membranes, with atomic layer deposition of TiO₂ on the bone repair of critical defects in rat calvaria and subcutaneous biocompatibility. A total of 39 male rats were randomized into four groups: blood clot (BC), collagen membrane (COL), COL 150—150 cycles of titania, and COL 600—600 cycles of titania. The defects were created in each calvaria (5 mm in diameter) and covered according to each group; the animals were euthanized at 7, 14, and 28 days. The collected samples were assessed by histometric (newly bone formed, soft tissue area, membrane area, and residual linear defect) and histologic (inflammatory cells and blood cells count) analysis. All data were subjected to statistical analysis (p < 0.05). The COL150 group showed statistically significant differences compared to the other groups, mainly in the analysis of residual linear defects (1.5 ± 0.5 × 10⁶ pixels/µm² for COL 150, and around 1 ± 0.5 × 10⁶ pixels/µm² for the other groups) and newly formed bone (1500 ± 1200 pixels/µm for COL 150, and around 4000 pixels/µm for the others) (p < 0.05), demonstrating a better biological behavior in the chronology of defects repair. It is concluded that the collagen membrane functionalized by TiO₂ over 150 cycles showed better bioactive potential in treating critical size defects in the rats’ calvaria.

A 72-year-old female patient came to Prosthodontics Specialist Universitas Airlangga, Dental Hospital, for an eye prosthesis. The patient lost her right eye because of surgery when she was 10 years old. The eye socket was examined and determined to have minimal contractures and no infection, and the eyelid muscles were still good enough to open and close. A custom-made ocular prosthesis was used to create a working model. It began with an eye print using a customized tray and alginate in the defect area, followed by gypsum type 3 filling of the imprint. The patient’s sclera wax model was then made and modified. A redesigned wax model was then used to produce the sclera attempting to draw the iris and pupil after estimating the position and diameter of the iris in the eye socket. The ocular acrylic prosthesis was then polished and color-matched to the contralateral eye. The patient’s eye prosthesis was then implanted. The eye prosthesis was evaluated for aesthetics, retention, and stability. The use of eye prostheses, particularly in elders, can boost their confidence and sociality, allowing them to live a better life. Also, in the treatment of anophthalmia, a custom-made eye prosthesis may be explored.

Objective This study aims to combine natural propolis with bovine bone graft (BBG) as a means of extraction socket preservation after 3 and 7 days toward expression of heat shock protein (HSP) 70 and osteocalcin to regenerate bone. Materials and Methods The Cavia cobaya were divided into eight groups, each consisting of seven samples. Their lower left incisors were extracted and induced with PEG, propolis extract, BBG, and a combination of propolis extract BBG. The research subjects were terminated on days 3 and 7 postextraction. Immunohistochemical and histopathological examinations were subsequently performed to observe HSP 70 expression, osteocalcin expression, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. Statistical Analysis Data obtained were then analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) tests. Results Both the groups with the combination of propolis extract and BBG on days 3 and 7 were found to present the highest number of HSP70 expression, osteocalcin expression, and osteoblast cells as well as the lowest number of osteoclasts. Conclusion Both the groups with the combination of propolis extract and BBG on days 3 and 7 were found to present the highest number of HSP70 expression, osteocalcin expression, and osteoblast cells as well as the lowest number of osteoclasts.

Bone defect is a common problem in the field of dentistry. The defect can be solved bytissue engineering. One component of tissue engineering is scaffold. Carbonate apatite is the main material used because it has an organic components similar to human bones. The carbonate apatite combined with gelatin and chitosan can be used as a scaffold for tissue engineering. The aim of thisstudy is to know the exact ratio of the carbonate apatite, chitosan-gelatine (CA:Ch-GEL) scaffold on the compressive strength and porosity size as biomaterial candidates in tissue engineering. Scaffold was synthesized from CA:Ch-GEL with different ratios of 50:50, 60:40, 70:30 and 80:20 withfreeze drying method. Fourier Transform Infared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used CA:Ch-GEL scaffold functional group identification. Scaffold mechanical test was performed using an Autograph while a porosity test was performed using Scanning Electron Microscope. All data wereanalyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD test. Scaffold has a compressive strength ranges 4.02 - 11.35 MPa, with porous ranges 19,18 mm – 52,59 mm at 50:50, 60:40, 70:30 and 80:20 ratios. CA:Ch-GEL scaffold at all ratios can be used as biomaterials in tissue engineering

Objectives: Chitosan (poly-1,4-D-glucosamine) become popular as bone graft material. It has a high biocompatibility and biodegradability, non-toxic, bacteriostatic, and has good adsorption properties. It also enhances the proliferation and differentiation of the osteoblast cell cultures. However, chitosan also has a weakness for cell adhesion and the lack of sufficient bone formation capabilities. To improve it, we tried to develop a chitosan scaffolds that combine with carbonate apatite (CA), which has excellent biocompatibility properties of the tissues of the human body. Purpose: to make the carbonate apatite-chitosan scaffolds (CA-ChSs) and evaluate CA-ChSs from the standpoint of cell proliferation using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Materials and Methods: Porous chitosan matrix was made by using the lyophilization technique. ChSs containing chitosan powder was made by the following procedure. 100, 150, 200, and 400 mg of chitosan powder was dissolved in 5 ml of 2% acetic acid at room temperature. To make CA-ChSs, ChSs containing 200 mg of chitosan powder was chosen. Ultraviolet radiation was then performed for 2 hours. CA-ChSs structure was observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Proliferation of MSCs in CA-ChSs evaluated at days 1, 3, 5 and 7.Results:This study demonstrated that CA-ChSs containing 200 mg of chitosan powder and 50 mg CA has a three-dimensional structure that is porous and attachment powder CA in the pores and absorbance values were increased from the examination day 1 until day 7. Conclusion:Based on these results, it is expected CA-ChSs may be candidates for bone graft material in tissue engineering techniques.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to asses the relationship between the level of sIgA and dental caries experience in healthy children who are 6- to 9-years-old from Indonesia. The case-control study is conducted to determine the protective role of salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels in the stimulated whole saliva of dental caries-active and caries-free children. Methods: This research was done by stimulating the whole saliva which had been collected from 6- to 9-years-old children with the index def-t≥3 of 30 children as the caries-active children group and 30 children with def-tt-test afterward. Results: The total salivary concentration of sIgA was statistically significantly higher in the low caries-active children group than in the caries-active children group. Conclusion: The total salivary concentration of sIgA was statistically and significantly higher in the low caries-active children group than caries-active children Group. There is a negative correlation between sIgA level and dental caries activity of 6 to 9-years-old children.

Background: Low levels of estrogen can cause osteoporosis and usually occur during a woman's menopausal phase. Osteoporosis can lead to bone resorption, the absence of osseointegration, and implant failure. The aim of this study is to determine the expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), runt-related transcription factor (RUNX2), and osteoblasts in mandibular rats with low levels of estrogen. Materials and Methods: This study is an in vivo experimental research. Female Wistar rats (n = 18) were divided into two groups: (1) Postsham surgery and (2) ovariectomy group. After 12 weeks, the rats were sacrificed to identify the level of estrogen, while histological analysis was conducted to determine the level of osteoblast and the expression of TGF-β1 and RUNX2. The data were analyzed using t-test (P < 0.05). Results: There were significant lower levels of estrogen and osteoblast among the ovariectomy group compared to the postsham group (P < 0.05). RUNX2 levels were found to be significantly higher in the ovariectomy group than that in the postsham group (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between TGF-β1 levels within the ovariectomy and postsham groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Ovariectomy can lead to decreased osteoblastogenesis in mandibular bone by the reduced level of osteoblast and the increased expression of TGF-β1 and RUNX2.

Background: Over 500.000 of the 2,3 million surgical treatments requiring bone grafting procedures that are performed annually are likely to be necessitated by or will result in bone defects that will not regenerate. Treatment to regenerate new tissues is needed, especially for hard tissue repair, which not only relies on a natural osseointegration process, but also requires a physical support to guide the differentiation and proliferation of cells into the targeted functional tissue. Chitosan and collagen extracted from chicken feet combinations are expected to enhance the bioactive surface and provide mechanical strength as a bone graft scaffold. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of chitosan and collagen scaffold synthesized from chicken feet applications to increase the expression of Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and osteoblast cells on the fourteenth day of bone healing. Methods: Eighteen three-month old, adult, male, Rattus novergicu strain rodents with a body weight ranging from 200-350 g were kept under controlled environmental conditions. The mice were randomly divided into three groups consisting of three subjects, each treated with collagen, chitosan, chitosancollagen combination (50:50) scaffolds. On the 14th post-treatment day, three members of each group were sacrificed. Examination of Osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression was conducted by means of immunohistochemistry staining with anti-OPG polyclonal antibodies. Meanwhile, osteoblast cell examination was performed by means of hematoxilin-eosin (HE) staining. Results: The mice treated with collagen and a chitosan-collagen combination scaffold presented an increase in the expression of Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and the number of osteoblast cells respectively. Conclusion: A combination of chitosan-collagen (50:50) scaffold extracted from chicken feet increased the expression of OPG and the number of osteoblasts in the bone healing process. The combination scaffolds demonstrated the highest OPG expression and number of osteoblasts compared to the other groups.