Paula Fernández

Resumen La justicia restaurativa se ha consolidado como un modelo complementario de respuesta al delito centrado en la reparación del daño, la responsabilización de la persona infractora y la participación de todas las personas afectadas. Aunque diversos estudios han analizado los factores asociados a su apoyo social, la relación entre las actitudes hacia este modelo y los valores humanos ha recibido una atención limitada. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la relación entre los valores humanos propuestos por Schwartz (1992) y las actitudes hacia la justicia restaurativa, así como examinar la influencia del sexo, la edad y la titulación académica. Participaron 263 personas (71,1 % mujeres), con una edad media de 22,60 años (DT = 8,23), procedentes principalmente de los grados de Psicología y Derecho. Se administraron la Restorative Justice Attitudes Scale (RJAS) de Taylor y Bailey (2022) y el Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) de Schwartz et al. (2001). Los datos fueron analizados mediante análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y correlaciones de Pearson. Los resultados indicaron que no existían diferencias significativas en la actitud global hacia la justicia restaurativa en función del sexo, la edad o la titulación. No obstante, las mujeres mostraron puntuaciones más elevadas en participación comunitaria, y los estudiantes de Psicología obtuvieron puntuaciones superiores en comprensión empática y participación comunitaria respecto a los estudiantes de Derecho. En cuanto a los valores humanos, las mujeres puntuaron más alto en benevolencia, universalismo y seguridad, mientras que los estudiantes de Derecho destacaron en tradición y poder. Asimismo, la edad se asoció negativamente con el valor logro. Las correlaciones mostraron asociaciones positivas entre justicia restaurativa, benevolencia, universalismo y autodirección, y negativas con tradición. Los hallazgos sugieren que la aceptación de la justicia restaurativa se vincula a valores de autotrascendencia y apertura al cambio.

Among the models of romantic relationships, consensual non-monogamy (CNM) is one in which several affective and/or sexual relationships are allowed simultaneously. This type of relationship, still considered non-normative, has experienced a considerable increase in recent years. However, research is still limited, and studies on the subject in Spain are scarce. To better understand the differences and similarities between monogamous and CNM relationships, this study investigated both relational models, divided by sex, for four factors concerning romantic relationships: relationship satisfaction, sexual desire, jealousy, and conflict resolution styles. In a sample of 210 persons, the results showed that CNM females reported significantly higher levels of consensus and dyadic sexual desire than monogamous females. Jealousy levels were similar in both types of relationships. People in CNM relationships displayed greater conflict resolution skills through negotiation and compromise, whereas monogamous females reported using the non-constructive style of conflict engagement more than CNM females and monogamous males. CNM males indicated a greater use of withdrawal compared to CNM females. Overall, females showed more passionate jealousy than males. This investigation highlights the importance of studying romantic relationships and their different models.

Introduction: Monte Carlo simulation studies allow testing multiple experimental conditions, whose results are often difficult to communicate and visualize to their full extent. Some researchers have proposed alternatives to address this issue, highlighting its relevance. This article develops a new way of observing, analyzing, and presenting the results of simulation experiments and is explained step by step with an example.Methods: A criterion is proposed to decide which results could be averaged and which results should not be averaged. It is also indicated how to construct Traceability Tables. These tables will show the behavior of the different analytical approaches studied under the chosen conditions and their variability under the averaged conditions. A way of observing the influence of the manipulated variables on the performance of the set of analysis approaches studied is also developed, Variability Set. Finally, a way of exposing the procedures that have the best performance in a particular condition is suggested.Results and discussion: This Analysis Plan for reporting the results of simulation studies provides more information than existing alternative procedures, provides valuable information for method researchers, and specifies to applied researchers which statistic they should use in a particular condition. An R Shiny application is provided.

This article discusses the robustness of the multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) test for an emergent variable system and proposes a modification of this test to obtain adequate information from heterogeneous normal observations. The proposed approach for testing potential effects in heterogeneous MANCOVA models can be adopted effectively, regardless of the degree of heterogeneity and sample size imbalance. As our method was not designed to handle missing values, we also show how to derive the formulas for pooling the results of multiple-imputation-based analyses into a single final estimate. Results of simulated studies and analysis of real-data show that the proposed combining rules provide adequate coverage and power. Based on the current evidence, the two solutions suggested could be effectively used by researchers for testing hypotheses, provided that the data conform to normality. Translational AbstractMultivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is the analysis strategy usually chosen in Psychological and Educational research to test the effect of an intervention on a set of dependent variables that are related. Three aspects are common in applied research: First, intervention is determined by the combination of more than one variable and, therefore, the design structure is factorial. Second, either if research is framed in a quasi-experimental or an experimental methodology, it is often needed to control the effect of other present variables to reduce the error variance and increase the effect of the intervention variables and their interaction, or for both reasons; thus, increasing the strength of the test. In this case MANCOVA will be used. Third, when for different reasons, the size of the groups is not the same, the response of the subjects in the different intervention conditions is not homogeneous and data loss occurs, MANCOVA analysis does not provide valid statistical inferences. In the present research, a modification of MANCOVA is developed to test the hypotheses of a factorial model and obtain adequate information regardless of the degree of heterogeneity and the imbalance of groups size. It is assumed that the interrelated system of observed variables is the causal agent of the underlying (or emergent) construct, not the other way around. To deal with missing data, formulas are developed to group the results of the analysis into a single final estimate after multiple imputation has been done. Both developments are studied by simulation, and it is concluded that they can be used with full guarantees. An example is shown.

The scientific literature supports that practicing positive coparenting leads to the healthy development of children. Consequently, professional interest in parenting and coparenting has experienced significant growth, and evaluating coparenting is crucial in family psychology for establishing action protocols in clinical practice. An instrument highly regarded within the scientific community for evaluating coparenting dynamics is The Coparenting Relationship Scale (CRS). This research aims to achieve two objectives: first, to adapt the CRS for the Spanish population of both engaged and separated/divorced parents and to ascertain its reliability, validity, and factorial invariance psychometric properties; second, to assess the effectiveness of the total coparenting measure in categorizing sample participants. A cross-sectional non-experimental investigation was conducted to address these objectives. The first objective was answered by conducting an instrumental study, and the second by an exploratory study using classification techniques and a causal-comparative study using multivariate inferential methods. It was concluded that the model comprising 20 items across two factors, Positive Coparenting and Negative Perception of Coparenting, is the simplest and best fit for the Spanish parent sample; it is invariant regarding gender and marital status, and the measures derived from each factor demonstrate reliability and convergent and discriminant validity. The resulting questionnaire for Spanish parents is named CRS-S_Eg-S&D. The Coparental Vitality measure calculated using the total weighted measure of CRS-S_Eg-S&D allows the sample of participants to be divided into three differentiated clusters called Coparental Robustness, Moderate Coparenting, and Coparenting Rickets.

Antecedentes/objetivos: Los programas de educación parental protegen a los niños, niñas y adolescentes de consecuencias negativas. Se diseñó un estudio de encuesta para estimar el conocimiento que las madres y padres tienen sobre los programas de parentalidad. Método: Participaron 2169 progenitores, de los cuales, el 71.28 % (n = 1546) eran madres que viven en pareja, el 9.5% (n = 206) madres separadas o divorciadas, el 17.52 % (n = 380) padres que vivían en pareja, y el 1.71 % (n = 37) padres separados o divorciados a los que se les administró la International Parent Survey. Resultados: Los resultados apuntan a que los participantes desconocen la existencia de los programas de apoyo a la parentalidad, pocos han participado en ellos, el programa más conocido es el que ha sido emitido por un canal de televisión, los motivos que con mayor frecuencia son señalados por todos los padres y madres como causa de no haber participado en un programa son por no considerarlos necesarios y por la falta de información sobre su existencia, los que no han participado se hallan menos satisfechos con la información y los servicios disponibles para apoyarlos en su labor de progenitores, los progenitores en ruptura de pareja informan de mayor necesidad de formación, los padres y madres se posicionan desfavorables al uso del castigo físico como métodos de disciplina y consideran que la parentalidad y la disciplina es una cuestión privada de la familia. Conclusiones: Se concluye sobre la necesidad de difundir, desde diferentes ámbitos, los beneficios que comportan el ejercicio de la coparentalidad positiva para todos los miembros de la familia, y en particular entre los hijos e hijas, así como la necesidad de formarse y recibir apoyo para ejercerla adecuadamente.

Difficulty in performing instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) is currently considered an important indicator of cognitive impairment in the elderly. A non-experimental case–control investigation was conducted to assess the convergent validity of the PA-IADL with traditional (standard) cognitive assessment tests in its ability to identify adults with mild cognitive impairment. The analysis of the data was carried out by means of various multivariate statistical tests, and the sequence in its execution led to the conclusion that 8 of the 12 Tasks that make up the PA-IADL allow for the identification of people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to the same extent as traditional cognitive assessment tests and regardless of age. Age was found to be a moderating variable in the performance of the eight tasks; however, the results allow us to hypothesize that people with MCI experience a significant decline when it happens but thereafter, the deterioration that occurs does so at the same rate as the deterioration experienced by healthy people. They also allow us to hypothesize that the difference in the cognitive skills required by the eight functional tasks, and therefore also in the cognitive skills required by the traditional (standard) tests of a person with MCI compared to a person of the same age without MCI (Healthy), is approximately 10 years. These hypotheses have remarkable relevance and should be tested via longitudinal research. In the meantime, the results highlight the importance of the IADL assessment for the diagnosis of MCI as a complement to the standard cognitive assessment.

The cult of the body has become a universal phenomenon, and many adolescents feel frustrated and disappointed with their own bodies for not matching the prevailing beauty standards. An empirical-quantitative cross-sectional investigation was carried out to understand perspectives of body image among Spanish youngsters of both sexes in three evolutionary substages (pre-adolescence, early adolescence, and middle adolescence) in the four factors that make up the Multidimensional Body Self Relations Questionnaire adapted to Spanish pre-adolescents and adolescents (MBSRQ-S_A-a) and their relationship with the time that they spend partaking in extracurricular sports. The results show that both boys and girls do not consider physical activity as an instrument to improve health. On the other hand, girls differ from boys regarding a more unstable and convulsive pattern of body image, characterized by a disconnect between physical activity and satisfaction with body image, where weight loss diets could acquire greater relevance. This research demonstrates two things: first, that the MBSRQ-S_A-a is a valid instrument to assess the body image pattern of adolescents, and second, that it opens the possibility of being able to identify adolescents who are at risk (physical, psychological, social); therefore, it is also capable of helping to prevent dramatic results and protecting the Sustainable Personal Development of adolescents.

In recent decades, there have been significant changes in families that have influenced how parents care for and educate their children. Positive parenting involves addressing the specific needs that each descendant shows, fostering the full development of their abilities. Literature attests that positive parenting has a positive impact on the well-being of children and that the exercise of inappropriate parenting can cause emotional and behavioral issues. This study aims to assess whether there are sex differences regarding parenting and whether these may be moderated by the family structure (separated vs living together). Stress indicators (positive and negative) that parenting may entail are also taken into account. 2169 parents of children between the ages of 2 and 12 participated. To assess parenthood and psychological distress PAFAS, PRS, CAPES and K-10 was applied. The results reveal inequalities between mothers and fathers. It is the mothers who take the most care of the children and who are most overburdened. There are also inequalities depending on marital status in the exercise of their parenthood, in turn moderated by the sex of the parents. This work constitutes a reference of normality to compare parenthood of parents living in Spain. En las últimas décadas se han producido cambios en las familias que han influido en como los progenitores cuidan y educan a sus hijos/as. El ejercicio positivo de la parentalidad implica atender y satisfacer las necesidades específicas de cada descendiente promoviendo el pleno desarrollo de sus capacidades. La literatura avala que un ejercicio positivo de la parentalidad impacta positivamente en el bienestar de los hijos/as y el ejercicio de una parentalidad inadecuada puede producirles problemas emocionales y conductuales. Este estudio pretende evaluar si existen diferencias de sexo en el ejercicio de la parentalidad y si pueden estar moderadas por la estructura familiar (en separación/en convivencia). Se tienen en cuenta también indicadores (positivos y negativos) del estrés que pueda conllevar la función parental. Participaron 2.169 padres y madres de niños/as de edades comprendidas entre 2 y 12 años. Para valorar el ejercicio de la parentalidad y el estrés se aplicaron la escala PAFAS, la PRS, el CAPES y el K-10. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto desigualdades muy definidas entre madres y padres. Son las madres quienes se ocupan más de los hijos/as y quienes más sobrecargadas están. También existen desigualdades en función del estado civil en el ejercicio de su parentalidad, a su vez moderadas por el sexo de los progenitores. Este trabajo constituye un referente de normalidad para comparar el ejercicio de la parentalidad de progenitores que viven en España.