Muhammad Irman Khalif Ahmad Aminuddin

Soil is a heterogeneous material, and its properties are vital from an agricultural perspective and for groundwater management. However, limited studies have been performed on the soil characteristics (soil texture, water-holding capacity, and soil compositions) of a single pumping well, especially in Malaysia. This article focuses on the soil characteristics and elemental analysis of a single borehole with 11 samples collected around Labu Kubong, Perak. The soil properties were analyzed in the context of particle size distribution (PSD) using the laser diffraction method (LDM), as well as soil composition for elemental analysis using a scanning electron microscope coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). The LDM results revealed the average percentage of clay, silt, and sand to be 0%, 6%, and 94%, respectively, indicating most particles comprised sand particles which in percentages demonstrated a sandy texture with less silt content. Additionally, the water holding capacity is low because of major coarse sand particles in alluvial formations. Moreover, SEM-EDX outcomes displayed an average percentage of elemental composition reported as follows: C (40.77%), O (34.33%), Si (10.66%), Al (5.82%), Fe (1.10%), K (1.10%), As (0.05%), Na (0.04%), and Be (5.62%). Consequently, SEM-EDX outcomes showed these elements were derived from silicified quartz, feldspar, and iron-bearing minerals that originated from shale formations, and the presence of carbon indicates peat formation. Therefore, this study provides information on a single pumping well from an irrigation practice, and this study also recommends regional to global scale studies for supporting sustainable groundwater development worldwide.

The rock formation of late Cretaceous–Paleocene metapsammite and metagranite found across Luk Ulo Complex indicated boulders with diameter of approximately 1 m and rounded shape along Luk Ulo River, Indonesia. However, less research found on geochronology and geochemistry has been conducted in study area, and such rocks require comprehensive understanding of magmatism and tectonic environment of Central Java, Indonesia. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to address the geochemical and geochronological age histories across Central Java, Indonesia, using U–Pb zircon dating technique. Generally, most common types of rocks were observed which composed of hornblende and garnet-bearing metapsammite and metagranite. The geochemical study showed that protolith of rocks with hornblende was identified as Cordilleran granitoid (I-type), which originated from magmatic arc with basaltic differentiation. Furthermore, protolith of rocks containing garnet was categorized as Caledonian granitoid (S-type), which is caused by post-collisional orogeny. The cluster observations of magmatic zircons reveal their magmatic ages, which vary from 67.00 ± 1.2 to 69.10 ± 0.91 Ma (late Cretaceous), whereas ages of inherited zircons ranged from 100 ± 5 to 437 ± 13 Ma (early Cretaceous to Silurian). Estimated periods of partial melting were found between 100 ± 5 Ma and 118 ± 4 Ma (early Cretaceous). Comparing the zircon ages of Luk Ulo with the zircon ages from the Sundaland regions reveals that the age distribution patterns are incredibly similar; the peak ages dispersed between the Cretaceous and Triassic periods, as well as Sundaland region was the source of the materials.

The rock formation of late Cretaceous–Paleocene granite, metapsammite, and metagranite found across Luk Ulo Complex indicated boulders with diameter of approximately one meter and rounded shape along Luk Ulo River, Indonesia. However, less research found on geochronology and geochemistry has been conducted in study area, and such rocks require comprehensive understanding of magmatism and tectonic environment of Central Java, Indonesia. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to address the geochronological and geochemical age histories across Central Java, Indonesia using U-Pb zircon dating technique. Generally, most common types of rocks were observed which composed of hornblende and garnet-bearing granite, metapsammite, and metagranite. The geochemical study showed that protolith of rocks with hornblende was identified as Cordilleran granitoid (I-type), which originated from magmatic arc with basaltic differentiation. Further, protolith of rocks containing garnet was categorized as Caledonian granitoid (S-type), which is caused by post-collisional orogeny. The cluster observations of magmatic zircons reveal their magmatic ages, which vary from 67.00 + 1.2 to 69.10 + 0.91 Ma (late Cretaceous), whereas ages of inherited zircons ranged from 100 + 5 to 437 + 13 Ma (early Cretaceous to Silurian). Estimated periods of partial melting were found between 100–5 Ma and 118–4 Ma (early Cretaceous). Comparing the zircon ages of Luk Ulo with the zircon ages from the Sundaland regions reveals that the age distribution patterns are incredibly similar; the peak ages dispersed between the Cretaceous and Triassic periods, as well as Sundaland region was the source of the materials.