Laliteshwar Pratap Singh

Introduction: Medicinal plants remain central to global healthcare, with increasing interest in safer, cost-effective alternatives to synthetic drugs. Nelumbo nucifera has a long history in traditional medicine and demonstrates diverse pharmacological potential. This review aims to critically evaluate its therapeutic versatility by integrating traditional knowledge with modern scientific evidence. Methods: A comprehensive literature-based analysis was conducted, synthesising data from ethnomedicinal records, phytochemical studies, and preclinical and clinical investigations. Evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and limited human studies was systematically assessed to determine pharmacological efficacy and mechanisms of action. Results and Discussion: Nelumbo nucifera contains over 50 bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolics, contributing to multi-target pharmacological activities. Experimental studies demonstrate strong antioxidant (65-92% scavenging), anti-inflammatory (30-65% cytokine reduction), antimicrobial, antidiabetic (25-50% glucose reduction), cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and anticancer effects. Mechanistically, these effects involve modulation of NF-κB, MAPK, and oxidative stress pathways. Clinical studies, though limited, indicate improvements in lipid profiles, glycemic control, and oxidative stress markers with favourable safety profiles. However, variability in phytochemical composition, lack of standardisation, and insufficient large-scale trials remain major limitations. Conclusion: Nelumbo nucifera exhibits significant therapeutic promise across multiple disease conditions. Future research should prioritise standardised formulations, advanced analytical approaches, and large-scale clinical trials to validate its clinical utility and facilitate integration into evidence-based medicine.

Introduction: Wound healing is a highly ordered and regulated physiological process for restoring the integrity of the skin after injury. Chronic wounds, such as diabetic ulcers and burns, still represent a significant clinical problem because of compromised cell reactions and disordered molecular signalling. This review aims to familiarise the readers with aspects of skin biology, wound healing processes, and basic cellular and molecular regulators of tissue repair and regeneration. Methods: This review provides a narrative synthesis of the literature focusing on skin structural organisation, phases of wound healing, cellular dynamics, signalling pathways, growth factors, ECM remodelling, and oxidative stress. Results and Discussion: Wound healing occurs in four overlapping phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling. Adjacent to each other, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells communicate to orchestrate re-epithelialization, collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and immune regulation during the healing process. Specific pathways associated with molecular, such as MAPK/ERK, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and TGF-β/Smad, are of great significance for controlling proliferation, survival, inflammation and extracellular matrix synthesis. Growth factors (eg, EGF, VEGF, PDGF) and cytokines add another layer of complexity in modulating healing, whereas oxidative stress and its dual effects, both beneficial and detrimental, are dependent on oxidative stress levels. The deregulation of these mechanisms leads to the occurrence of chronic wounds. Conclusion: A detailed knowledge of such integrated mechanisms will aid in designing novel, innovative and personalised therapeutic approaches to improve wound healing and skin regeneration.

Introduction: Chronic liver injury results from persistent hepatic injuries such as metabolic disorders, alcohol consumption, viral infections, drug toxicity, autoimmune conditions, and genetic factors. It is a major global health concern due to its progression to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review aims to summarize key pathophysiological mechanisms and evaluate current and emerging pharmacological strategies. Methods: A narrative review of preclinical and clinical studies was conducted, focusing on inflammation, oxidative stress, immune dysfunction, fibrogenesis, and therapeutic approaches, including conventional drugs, antifibrotics, metabolic modulators, and advanced drug delivery systems. A total of 352 records were identified, of which 158 studies were included in the review. Results: Chronic liver injury is characterized by persistent inflammation, oxidative stress, hepatocyte death, impaired regeneration, and activation of hepatic stellate cells, leading to extracellular matrix accumulation and fibrosis. Current therapies are largely etiology-based and slow disease progression but rarely reverse fibrosis. Emerging therapies targeting nuclear receptors, metabolic pathways, gene-based interventions, microbiome modulation, and nanocarrier-based systems show promising potential. Discussion: These findings indicate that chronic liver injury is a complex, multifactorial process involving interconnected molecular pathways, limiting the effectiveness of single-target therapies. The gap between mechanistic insights and clinical translation remains a key challenge. Multi-targeted, combination, and precision-based therapeutic approaches, along with targeted drug delivery systems, may enhance treatment efficacy and overcome current limitations. Conclusion: Despite advances in understanding disease mechanisms, effective diseasemodifying therapies remain limited. The development of combination and personalized treatment strategies is essential for improving outcomes and preventing disease progression.

Introduction: Inflammatory and immune-mediated kidney disorders (IMKD) comprise a diverse group of renal diseases and are a leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. Despite advancements in supportive care, longterm renal outcomes remain suboptimal due to disease heterogeneity and limitations of conventional immunosuppressive therapies. Methods: A narrative review of recent literature was conducted, focusing on immunological mechanisms, genetic and epigenetic regulation, biomarker innovations, and advancements in targeted biologic therapies. Particular emphasis was given to translational research integrating multi-omics technologies with clinical applications to enhance disease understanding and management. Results: Advances in immunological research have clarified key pathogenic mechanisms, including autoantibody production, complement system activation, cytokine and chemokine dysregulation, and immune cell imbalance. Emerging biomarkers, such as urinary proteins and exosomal microRNAs, have improved early diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. Novel therapeutic agents, including B-cell inhibitors, complement inhibitors, and cytokine modulators, demonstrate improved efficacy and safety over traditional treatments. Additionally, molecular profiling and computational tools enable identification of disease endotypes, supporting response- based therapeutic strategies. Discussion: The integration of molecular insights with clinical practice has significantly enhanced the understanding of IMKD pathogenesis and progression. The use of advanced biomarkers and targeted therapies represents a paradigm shift from generalized immunosuppression to mechanism-specific interventions. However, challenges remain in translating these advances into routine clinical practice, including cost, accessibility, and the need for standardized protocols. Conclusion: The management of IMKD is evolving toward precision nephrology, emphasising individualised, mechanism-based therapies, biomarker-guided decision-making, and personalized patient care to improve clinical outcomes.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative illness characterized by progressive cognitive impairment, synaptic compromise, and relentless neuroinflammation. Increasing evidence suggests that neuroinflammatory cascades orchestrated by microglial activation, astrocytic malfunction, cytokine hyperproduction, and inflammasome signalling are at the core of AD pathogenesis. Conventional anti-amyloid and cholinergic treatments are only symptomatic and neglect the inherent neuroimmune dysregulation. Nanomedicine is a revolutionary frontier in inflammopharmacology, which enables the accurate modulation of neuroinflammatory circuits and enhanced brain delivery of medicines. Nanocarriers designed by engineering, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and exosomes, allow for targeted delivery across the BBB, increase drug bioavailability, and provide controlled release. The nano-systems are capable of inhibiting pro-inflammatory signalling, such as NF-κB and MAPK pathways, reducing oxidative stress, and enhancing microglial M2 polarization and thus restoring neuronal homeostasis. Recent developments in surface-functionalized and stimuli-responsive nanoplatforms further enable active targeting through receptor-mediated pathways and theranostic imaging in real-time. Comparative studies show that interventions based on nanocarrier-based therapies enhance therapeutic efficacy and safety profiles in preclinical AD models. Future directions include integrating AI-driven nano-design, gene and siRNA delivery, and precision neuropharmacology to enable personalized anti-inflammatory therapies. Substantial progress, translational challenges remain regarding long-term biocompatibility, large-scale production, and clinical validation. Nanomedicine against neuroinflammatory pathways represents a new paradigm for Alzheimer's treatment, linking molecular pharmacology and sophisticated nanotechnology to next-generation neuroinflammatory medicine.

Introduction: Chronic and acute wounds remain a significant burden in clinical settings, frequently complicated by infection, delayed healing, and poor patient adherence. Traditional dressings primarily act as protective barriers and provide minimal active support to the wound environment. In recent years, herbal- based polymeric films have gained attention as innovative dressings that combine the therapeutic benefits of plant-derived compounds with advances in biomaterial design. Methods: A systematic review was carried out in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct. Relevant studies on herbal-loaded polymeric films for wound healing were selected based on predefined criteria, and findings were qualitatively analyzed due to variations in study design and materials. Results: A total of 101 studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, herbal-based polymeric films showed encouraging outcomes, with reported wound closure rates of 75-95% within 14 days. Improvements included better collagen formation, faster epithelialization, and antimicrobial activity with inhibition zones ranging from 15-25 mm against common pathogens. Advanced platforms such as electrospun nanofibers, 3D-printed scaffolds, and stimuli-responsive systems demonstrated controlled drug release and enhanced tissue repair. Discussion: The combined effect of polymers and herbal bioactives appears to strengthen antimicrobial action, regulate inflammation, and promote tissue regeneration. However, concerns regarding standardization, formulation stability, regulatory pathways, and limited clinical trials remain important challenges. Conclusion: Herbal-based polymeric films offer a promising and sustainable approach to modern wound management, though further refinement and clinical validation are necessary for routine clinical adoption.

Introduction: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is a common urological condition affecting aging men, characterized by prostate gland enlargement and lower urinary tract symptoms. This review aims to explore the causes, diagnosis, and treatment strategies for BPH, focusing on both conventional medicine and alternative therapies, particularly those from Ayurveda and Homeopathy. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. The study adopted a multidisciplinary approach to assess genetic, hormonal, and environmental contributors to BPH. Conventional treatment modalities, including pharmacological and surgical interventions, were analysed alongside their limitations. The pharmacological potential of medicinal plants traditionally used in Ayurveda and Homeopathy was examined, focusing on their bioactive compounds and mechanisms of action. Results: Findings highlight the growing interest in plant-based therapies due to their favorable safety profiles and potential multi-targeted mechanisms. Several medicinal plants, such as Serenoa repens, Withania somnifera, and Urtica dioica, demonstrate anti-inflammatory, anti-androgenic, and antioxidant activities beneficial in BPH management. The review underscores the therapeutic value of integrating phytotherapy with conventional care to enhance treatment efficacy and patient outcomes. Discussion: Bridging traditional knowledge systems with evidence-based research may offer novel insights into BPH therapy. While challenges persist in standardizing herbal formulations and conducting rigorous clinical trials, preliminary findings are encouraging. Conclusion: Integrating traditional medicinal knowledge with modern scientific validation may lead to safe, effective, and innovative therapies for BPH, ultimately improving the quality of life for affected individuals.

Introduction: Argemone mexicana, commonly known as the Mexican poppy, has earned significant recognition in the traditional healing systems of the Eastern Indian region, where it has been used for centuries as a folk remedy for a variety of diseases. The study was based on search or identified through Pubmed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, etc. Meta-analysis: Phytochemical analysis has demonstrated that the alkaloids present in A. mexicana exhibit potent antimicrobial properties, making the plant an effective natural remedy for treating infections caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses. In addition, the plant’s flavonoids and phenolic compounds are recognized for their strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, which play a crucial role in alleviating pain, reducing inflammation, and promoting tissue repair. Furthermore, A. mexicana has shown significant analgesic effects, which support its traditional use as a pain reliever. The integration of ethnobotanical knowledge with modern pharmacological research is essential for fully unlocking the therapeutic potential of A. mexicana. Future Scope: Future studies must focus on comprehensive clinical trials, toxicological evaluations, and in-depth mechanistic investigations to validate the efficacy and safety of A. mexicana in human populations. Conclusion: This review highlights the urgent need for further research to bridge the gap between traditional knowledge and contemporary scientific understanding. By advancing the study of A. mexicana, there is a significant opportunity to develop novel, cost-effective, and sustainable therapeutic agents that could serve as alternatives to synthetic drugs, particularly in regions where access to modern healthcare is limited.

Accelerated progression and global spread of antimicrobial resistance have significantly demanded the breakthrough of novel antimicrobials. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), such as defensins (from the genus Drosophila), bactenecin (peptides from bovine, caprine, and ovine), cathelicidins (peptides from birds, mammals, and reptiles), and buforins (derived from Bufo bufo gargarizans stomach), are preferred over conventional antibiotics due to their lower tendency to induce resistance, broad‐spectrum antibiofilm responsiveness, and their potential to modulate the host immune response. Thus, they serve as a tool to address antimicrobial resistance. Functional and structural limitations, coupled with regulatory challenges, hinder the therapeutic and clinical translation of antimicrobial peptides. Moreover, several attempts have been made through numerous existing experimental and computational tools to streamline the preclinical or clinical design of AMPs as modern medicines. The current review summarizes the challenges, merits, and scope of AMPs against superbugs, highlights the enactment of potential AMPs as a promising advancement, the clinical trial status of approved AMPs, and outlines the necessities and priorities behind designing engrossed progressive strategies by considering the best existing tools.