Iffat Ara

Linalool (LIN), a naturally occurring monoterpene alcohol found in aromatic plants, exhibits diverse pharmacological properties, yet its antiemetic potential remains underexplored. In this study, we investigated the antiemetic efficacy of LIN using both in vivo and in silico approaches. Emesis was induced in chicks via oral administration of copper sulfate pentahydrate (50 mg/kg), and LIN was tested at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg. Its effects were compared against the standard antiemetics domperidone (DOM, 7 mg/kg) and ondansetron (OND, 5 mg/kg). Results demonstrated that LIN at 100 mg/kg significantly prolonged the emetic latency and reduced the number of retches. Notably, co-administration of LIN (50 mg/kg) with DOM significantly ( p < 0.05) produced the most potent effect, yielding the highest latency and lowest number of retches, reflecting a synergistic interaction. Molecular docking studies revealed a strong binding affinity of LIN to the dopamine D2 receptor (− 6.4 kcal/mol) and moderate binding to the 5-HT3 receptor (− 5.3 kcal/mol), suggesting involvement of both dopaminergic and serotonergic mechanisms. These findings collectively indicate that LIN possesses significant antiemetic activity and may offer a plant-derived alternative for emesis control.

In recent decades, acceptance of nanoparticles (NPs) in therapeutic applications has increased because of their outstanding physicochemical features. By overcoming the drawbacks of conventional therapy, the utilization of metal NPs, metal-oxide, or metal supported nanomaterials have shown to have significant therapeutic applications in medicine. This is proved by a lot of clinical and laboratory investigations that show improved treatment outcomes, site-specific drug delivery, and fewer side effects compared to traditional medicine. The metal NPs interaction with living cells (animal and plant) showed many ways to develop therapeutic models with the NPs. Despite all of the advancements that science has achieved, there is still a need to find out their performance for long-term use to solve modern challenges. In this regard, the present documentation reviews some potential metals, including silver (Ag), gold (Au), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and nickel (Ni) NPs, as therapeutic agents in various areas such as anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and applicable for the treatment of many other diseases. Depending on the outstanding ongoing research and practical trials, metal-based NPs can be considered the hope of prospective modern therapeutic areas.