Franziska Dettner

A high temporal and spatial resolution emission inventory for the North Sea and Baltic Sea was compiled using current emission factors and ship activity data. The inventory includes seagoing vessels over 100 GT registered with the International Maritime Organization traversing in the North and Baltic Seas. A bottom-up approach was chosen for the compilation of the inventory, which provides emission levels of the air pollutants CO₂, NO_x, SO₂, PM_2.5, CO, BC, Ash, NMVOC, and POA, as well as the speed-dependent fuel and energy consumption. Input data come from both main and auxiliary engines, as well as well-to-tank and tank-to-propeller emission and energy and fuel consumption quantities. The georeferenced data are provided in a temporal resolution of five minutes. The data can be used to assess, inter alia, the health effects of maritime emissions, the social costs of maritime transport, emission mitigation effects of alternative fuel scenarios, and shore-to-ship power supply.

A high temporal and spatial resolution emission inventory for the North Sea and Baltic Sea for the year 2015 was compiled using current emission factors and ship activity data. The inventory includes seagoing vessels over 100 GT registered with the International Maritime Organisation traversing in the North and Baltic Seas. A bottom-up approach was chosen for the compilation of the inventory, which provides emission levels of the air pollutants CO2, NOx, SO2, PM2.5, CO, BC, Ash, NMVOC and POA, as well as the speed-dependent fuel and energy consumption. Input data come from both main and auxiliary engines as well as well-to-tank and tank-to-propeller emission and energy and fuel consumption quantities. The geo-referenced data are provided in a temporal resolution of five minutes. The data can be used to assess, inter alia, the health effects of maritime emissions, external and social costs of maritime transport, emission mitigation effects of alternative fuel scenarios and shore-to-ship power supply.

Jordan is affected by an ever changing environment in the midst of climate change, political challenges, a fast growing economy and socio-economic pressures. Among other countries in the Middle East and Northern Africa, Jordan is facing a number of electricity related challenges, such as a rising energy demand, high dependency on fossil fuel imports and management of local, fossil and renewable resources. The paper presents an analysis based on an open source optimisation modelling approach identifying a cost-optimal extension of the Jordanian electricity system with growing demand projections until 2030 utilising pumped hydro energy storage and determining the costs of different CO₂ mitigation pathways. The results highlight the large potential of renewable energy for the cost effective, environmentally friendly and energy independent development of the Jordanian electricity sector. A share of up to 50% renewable energy can be achieved with only a minor increase in levelised cost of electricity from 54.42 to 57.04 $/MWh. In particular, a combination of photovoltaic and pumped hydro storage proved to be a superior solution compared to the expansion of existing shale oil deployments due to high costs and CO₂ emissions. Aiming for a more than 50% renewable energy share within the electricity mix calls for substantial wind energy deployments. In a system with a renewable energy share of 90%, wind energy covers 45% of the demand.

The water and energy sectors are fundamentally linked. In Jordan, especially in the face of a changing climate, the water–energy nexus holds a number of challenges but also opportunities. A key point in exploring synergies is the identification of such, as well as the communication between the water and energy sectors. This paper promotes the importance of using a co-creative approach to help resolve opposing views and assessing stakeholder preferences in the context of the water–energy nexus in Jordan. A computer-supported, co-creative approach was used to evaluate stakeholder preferences and opinions on criteria and future scenarios for the energy and water sector in Jordan, identifying common difficulties and possibilities. The criteria describe socio-ecological aspects as well as techno-economic aspects for both systems. Discussing a set of preliminary scenarios describing possible energy and water futures ranked under a set of sector relevant criteria, a consensus between both stakeholder groups is reached. The robustness of results is determined, using a second-order probabilistic approach. The results indicate that there are no fundamental conflicts between the energy and water stakeholder groups. Applying a participatory multi-stakeholder, multi-criteria framework to the energy-water nexus case in Jordan promotes a clear understanding of where different stakeholder groups stand. This understanding and agreement can form the basis of a joint water–energy nexus policy used in the continued negotiation process between and within national and international cooperation, as well as promoting and developing acceptable suggestions to solve complex problems for both sectors.