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The axolotl ( Ambystoma mexicanum ), a neotenic salamander with remarkable regenerative capabilities, serves as a key model for studying nervous system regeneration. Despite its potential, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this regenerative capacity remain poorly understood, partly due to the lack of reliable in vitro models for axolotl neural cells. In this study, we developed a novel protocol for primary cultures of adult axolotl telencephalon/pallium, enabling the maintenance of viable and functionally active neural cells. Using calcium imaging and immunocytochemistry, we demonstrated the presence of neuronal and glial markers, synaptic connections, and spontaneous calcium activity, highlighting the functional integrity of the cultured cells. Our findings reveal that these cultures can be maintained in both serum and serum-free conditions, with neurons exhibiting robust neurite outgrowth and responsiveness to injury. This protocol addresses a critical gap in axolotl research by providing a controlled in vitro system to study neurogenesis and regeneration. By offering insights into the regenerative mechanisms of axolotl neurons, this work lays the foundation for comparative studies with mammalian systems, potentially informing therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases and CNS injuries in humans.

Fusarium culmorum is one of the causal agents lead to economic loses in small grain cereals. In this study, alterations in spore production, and linear growth rates in F. culmorum 15 isolate subjected to increased concentrations of eugenol (0, 200, 400, 800 µg mL-1) were examined. Additionally, the and expression of FcMgv1 and FcStuA genes which are essential in asexual stage and cell wall structure formation were also examined tested in F. culmorum eugenol treated and non-treated fungal cultures. F15 isolate subjected to increased concentrations of eugenol (0, 200, 400, 800 µg mL-1). Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined as 400 µg mL-1 eugenol. In comparison of control and experiment sets, there were significantly different (p<0.01) the decrease in spore production and linear growth rate (LGR) were significantly different (p<0.01). In real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis, β-tubulin was used as endogenous control and the expression of FcMgv1 and FcStuA genes were determined by using cDNAs converted from total RNAs of control and experiment sets were used in Eva-Green fluorophore dyebased real time PCR to examine the FcMgv1 and FcStuA expression. Significant differences (p<0.05) were also determined in fold changes in gene expression. Normalization results showed that fold changes in FcMgv1 and FcStuA genes were as +4.35±0.25 and +2.04±0.13, respectively. qPCR results were also confirmed via reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) analysis. The late apoptosis was detected in the cells by using acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. Findings obtained from this study showed that eugenol have the potential antifungal effects and it could be used in struggling with head blight disease caused by F. culmorum via its in vitro antifungal effects. This study presents the original data on about is first report to evaluatinge the phenotypic and transcriptomic effects of pure eugenol compound on F. culmorum.