Di Liu

Background: Bedtime procrastination is common among university students and is associated with insufficient sleep and a range of adverse physical and psychological health outcomes. Previous studies have primarily focused on individual factors, such as self-control, mobile phone addiction, and negative emotions, while the interrelationships among future career clarity, learning experiences, exercise, and bedtime procrastination remain largely unexplored. Objective: Based on self-regulation theory, this study aimed to examine the association between future career clarity and bedtime procrastination among university students. It further examined whether learning satisfaction and learning stress statistically mediated this association in sequence, and whether exercise moderated the association between learning satisfaction and bedtime procrastination. Methods: A survey was conducted among 22,983 college students in Northeast China using an online questionnaire combined with respondent-driven sampling. Data were analyzed using partial correlation analysis, mediation effect testing, and moderation effect testing, with effect sizes and confidence intervals (CIs) estimated using the bootstrap method. Results: Partial correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between future career clarity and bedtime procrastination ( r = −0.282, p < 0.001). Mediation effect testing showed that the total indirect effect of future career clarity on bedtime procrastination was significant (effect = −0.1024, 95% CI [−0.1092, −0.0958]), with learning satisfaction and learning stress serving as mediators individually and jointly constituting a chain mediation pathway. Moderation effect analysis indicated that exercise significantly moderated the relationship between learning satisfaction and bedtime procrastination ( β = −0.0135, p < 0.05). The mediation effects were significant for both the low exercise group (simple slopes = −0.1816, LLCI = −0.1966, ULCI = −0.1667) and the high exercise group (simple slopes = −0.2177, LLCI = −0.2467, ULCI = −0.1887), with the negative predictive effect being stronger in the high exercise group. Conclusion: Future career clarity not only negatively predicts bedtime procrastination among college students directly but also exerts an indirect influence through the serial mediating effects of learning satisfaction and learning stress. Exercise plays a positive moderating role in this pathway. Grounded in self-regulation theory, these findings elucidates the relationships among goal setting, emotional monitoring, and behavioral adjustment, providing both a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for universities to reduce college students’ bedtime procrastination through multidimensional approaches such as career planning education, stress management, and the promotion of physical exercise.

The lipid-based endocannabinoid (eCB) system regulates a host of developmental, physiological, and pathological processes in the mammalian brain, and recent studies have suggested that dysfunction of eCB system may contribute to the neuropathology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, specific contributions to ASD-related developmental, cognitive, and behavioral phenotypes remain largely unexplored. The current study was designed to investigate if enhancing eCB signaling by blocking 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) hydrolase can mitigate ASD-like behaviors in a mouse model, and if such effects are associated with suppression of inflammatory signaling, oxidative stress, or neuronal apoptosis. Intraperitoneal injection of the 2-AG hydrolase monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) JZL184 (4, 16, or 40 mg/kg) elevated 2-AG and reversed eCB system metabolic enzymes and receptors expression deficits in BTBR T + ltpr3tf/J (BTBR) mouse model of ASD. Moreover, the hyperactivity, excessive stereotypy, impaired social behavior, and cognitive deficits characteristic of this animal model were significantly improved by JZL184. Concomitantly, JZL184 administration reversed the abnormal pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations measured in the hippocampus of BTBR mice. In addition, JZL184 reversed the observed overexpression of pro-apoptotic Bax and underexpression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 in BTBR mice and enhanced neuronal numbers in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions. We also found that the behavioral test battery influenced eCB concentrations independently of JZL184 treatment. Collectively, these findings suggest that augmenting eCB signaling can mitigate ASD-related phenotypes by suppressing neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the current state of academic burnout among Chinese college students and its influencing factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 22,983 students was conducted using structured questionnaires and the Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey on sociodemographic characteristics, educational process, and personal aspects. Multiple variables were statistically evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Results: The total score of the students’ academic burnout was 40.73 (± 10.12) points. The scores for the reduced personal accomplishment, emotional exhaustion, and cynicism were 23.63 (± 6.55), 11.20 (± 6.05), and 5.91 (± 5.31), respectively. Students with academic burnout accounted for 59.9% (13,753/22,983). Male students had higher burnout scores than female students, upper-grade students had higher burnout scores than lower-grade students, and students who smoked had higher burnout than non-smokers during the school day. Conclusions: More than half of students experienced academic burnout. Gender, grade, monthly living expenses, smoking, parents’ education level, study and life pressures, and the current degree of professional knowledge interest significantly impacted academic burnout. An effective wellness program and an annual long-term burnout assessment may sufficiently reduce student burnout.