Zümrüt Kurtulgu
Current Organizations / Institutes
The organizations/institutes from the scholar's latest article
Research Subjects
Zümrüt Kurtulgu has a total of 4 co-authors. Here are the top co-authors by number of shared publications:
- Atınç Pırtı
Department of Geomatic Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Turkey
3 shared publications - Mehmet Eren
Yildiz Teknik Üniversitesi
2 shared publications Atınç Pirti
Yildiz Technical University, Department of Surveying Engineering Davutpaşa, İstanbul, Türkiye
1 shared publication- Zennure Uçar
İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi
1 shared publication
Latest Publications
- Open Access
- 28 February 2025
- Published by Hrvatsko Sumarsko Drustvo in Šumarski list
- Vol. 149 (1-2) , 45-55
A new approach for the classification of ground points from airborne LiDAR data in forested areas
LiDAR systems are being used increasingly widely and effectively in the field of forestry. They play an important role in many applications such as creating detailed maps of forests, obtaining high-precision elevation data, obtaining information about the height, density and distribution of trees, mapping the topography under the forest in detail, landslide and erosion control, road planning and water management. Underforest topography maps can be created with high precision thanks to LiDAR ground points. In our study, we present a new approach by using LiDAR data to create the physical characteristics of forest land. In this approach, firstly, airborne LiDAR beams were divided into datasets according returns. Three datasets were created: second return, last return and first/last return. Secondly, each dataset was positionally placed in the grid structure. Filtering was done according to mean height values of points in the cell. Thirdly, DBSCAN clustering algorithm, one of the machine learning methods, was used. The epsilon value, one of the parameters used in the DBSCAN algorithm, was determined according to the silhouette index, and LiDAR ground points were classified. The classified LiDAR ground points were compared with the existing ground control points. As a result, the combination of the second return and the last return dataset showed successful results with a kappa value of 82.27% and an F1 score value of 0.71. Also, digital terrain models were created and compared. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, data was compared with the CSF algorithm, which is one of the traditional filtering methods. After the accuracy evaluations, we were able to classify more LiDAR ground points with our proposed approach. Thus, we think that LiDAR ground data can create a detailed and accurate topography map, define forest features and contribute to the decision-making process for forestry activities.
- 28 February 2025
- Published by Hrvatsko Sumarsko Drustvo in Šumarski list
- Vol. 149 (1-2) , 45-55
Open AccessA new approach for the classification of ground points from airborne LiDAR data in forested areas
LiDAR systems are being used increasingly widely and effectively in the field of forestry. They play an important role in many applications such as creating detailed maps of forests, obtaining high-precision elevation data, obtaining information about the height, density and distribution of trees, mapping the topography under the forest in detail, landslide and erosion control, road planning and water management. Underforest topography maps can be created with high precision thanks to LiDAR ground points. In our study, we present a new approach by using LiDAR data to create the physical characteristics of forest land. In this approach, firstly, airborne LiDAR beams were divided into datasets according returns. Three datasets were created: second return, last return and first/last return. Secondly, each dataset was positionally placed in the grid structure. Filtering was done according to mean height values of points in the cell. Thirdly, DBSCAN clustering algorithm, one of the machine learning methods, was used. The epsilon value, one of the parameters used in the DBSCAN algorithm, was determined according to the silhouette index, and LiDAR ground points were classified. The classified LiDAR ground points were compared with the existing ground control points. As a result, the combination of the second return and the last return dataset showed successful results with a kappa value of 82.27% and an F1 score value of 0.71. Also, digital terrain models were created and compared. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, data was compared with the CSF algorithm, which is one of the traditional filtering methods. After the accuracy evaluations, we were able to classify more LiDAR ground points with our proposed approach. Thus, we think that LiDAR ground data can create a detailed and accurate topography map, define forest features and contribute to the decision-making process for forestry activities.
- Open Access
- 10 December 2024
- Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University in Geodesy and Cartography
- Vol. 50 (4) , 156-161
Investigation of Hatay-Defne earthquake (20.02.2023) by using GNSS station
No studies have been conducted on the spatial changes related to the Hatay-Defne earthquake (20 February 2023) up to now. The reason for this situation is that the requested data cannot be accessed as a result of the power and internet interruptions caused by the earthquake. The southern Turkish city of Hatay had a 6.3 magnitude earthquake at 20:04 on February 20, 2023. Three minutes later, a 5.8 magnitude aftershock occurred, and 90 more aftershocks followed. These earthquakes, which were felt across the area, caused individuals who survived the horrific quakes on February 6, 2023, to experience new levels of dread. In the district of Hatay-Defne, the epicenter began. In its first assessment, the United States Geological Survey gave the earthquake a magnitude of 6.3 at a depth of 16 kilometers. In this study, firstly, GNSS data belonging to ARST station in 30 seconds recording interval were downloaded into CSRS-PPP. GNSS data was processed as static and then was processed as epoch to epoch by using kinematic method. The coordinate differences between the obtained coordinates by using the kinematic processing and the obtained coordinates by using the static processing were computed. According to the obtained results, a horizontal movement of approximately 8.30 cm in the south-west direction was observed at the ARST station, which is the closest to the earthquake center.
- 10 December 2024
- Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University in Geodesy and Cartography
- Vol. 50 (4) , 156-161
Open AccessInvestigation of Hatay-Defne earthquake (20.02.2023) by using GNSS station
No studies have been conducted on the spatial changes related to the Hatay-Defne earthquake (20 February 2023) up to now. The reason for this situation is that the requested data cannot be accessed as a result of the power and internet interruptions caused by the earthquake. The southern Turkish city of Hatay had a 6.3 magnitude earthquake at 20:04 on February 20, 2023. Three minutes later, a 5.8 magnitude aftershock occurred, and 90 more aftershocks followed. These earthquakes, which were felt across the area, caused individuals who survived the horrific quakes on February 6, 2023, to experience new levels of dread. In the district of Hatay-Defne, the epicenter began. In its first assessment, the United States Geological Survey gave the earthquake a magnitude of 6.3 at a depth of 16 kilometers. In this study, firstly, GNSS data belonging to ARST station in 30 seconds recording interval were downloaded into CSRS-PPP. GNSS data was processed as static and then was processed as epoch to epoch by using kinematic method. The coordinate differences between the obtained coordinates by using the kinematic processing and the obtained coordinates by using the static processing were computed. According to the obtained results, a horizontal movement of approximately 8.30 cm in the south-west direction was observed at the ARST station, which is the closest to the earthquake center.
Sürekli gözlem yapan referans istasyonları kullanılarak yapılaşmış ve ağaçlık bölgelerdeki konum belirlemenin doğruluk analizi
Günümüzde konum belirleme denilince akla gelen ve uzaydan aktarılan sinyalleri kullanarak işlenmesinde ve analiz edilmesinde yardımcı olan GPS+GLONASS+GALILEO ve diğer uydu sistemleri sayesinde konumlandırma işlemi gerçekleştirilmektedir. Uzaydaki uydu tabanlı sistemlerin artması ile daha hassas ve doğruluğu yüksek konumlandırma yapılabilmektedir. Ayrıca sürekli gözlem yapan referans istasyonları (CORS) ile birlikte de konum belirleme işlemleri ekonomik, hızlı, anlık ve cm mertebesinde doğrulukla gerçekleşmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında uygulama bölgesindeki ağaçlık alanda iki nokta, yapılaşmış alanda iki nokta ve diğer bölgede iki nokta (hem ağaçlık alandan hem de yapılaşmış alandan biraz uzaktaki bölgelerde) olmak üzere toplam 6 nokta belirlenmiştir. Sinyal Yansıması etkisinin yoğun olduğu hem yapılaşmış hem de ağaçlık alanda sürekli gözlem yapan referans istasyonları kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen gerçek zamanlı kinematik konum belirleme uygulamalarının doğrulukları analiz edilmiştir. Altı nokta için 02.11.2017, 03.11.2017, 04.11.2017 ve 05.11.2017 tarihlerinde Sanal Referans İstasyonu ve Lineer Alan Düzeltme Teknikleri ile ölçümler yapılmıştır. Bu ölçümlere ilaveten 4.11.2017 tarihinde ağaçlık ve yapılaşmış alandaki noktalarda 2’er saat, diğer noktalarda 1’er saatlik statik ölçümler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Total Station ile de yatay-düşey açı, yatay mesafe, alet yüksekliği ve işaret yükseklikleri ölçülmüştür. Daha sonra yapılan bu ölçümlerden elde edilen koordinat farkları, mesafe farkları, uydu sayıları ve karesel ortalama hata değerlerine göre analiz yapılmıştır. Yapılan bu analiz ve değerlendirmede, tamsayı belirsizliğinin çözülmüş olmasına dikkat edilmiştir. GPS+GLONASS uydularının ve Küresel Uydu Seyrüsefer Sistemi Alıcısının Z-Blade sinyal işleme teknolojisinin etkisiyle yatay koordinatlardaki farkları ± (1 mm - 4,5 cm) aralığında, yükseklik değerlerindeki farkları ise ± (5 cm - 30 cm) aralığında elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca da istatiksel test ile de bu farkların anlamlılıkları incelenmiştir.
Sürekli gözlem yapan referans istasyonları kullanılarak yapılaşmış ve ağaçlık bölgelerdeki konum belirlemenin doğruluk analizi
Günümüzde konum belirleme denilince akla gelen ve uzaydan aktarılan sinyalleri kullanarak işlenmesinde ve analiz edilmesinde yardımcı olan GPS+GLONASS+GALILEO ve diğer uydu sistemleri sayesinde konumlandırma işlemi gerçekleştirilmektedir. Uzaydaki uydu tabanlı sistemlerin artması ile daha hassas ve doğruluğu yüksek konumlandırma yapılabilmektedir. Ayrıca sürekli gözlem yapan referans istasyonları (CORS) ile birlikte de konum belirleme işlemleri ekonomik, hızlı, anlık ve cm mertebesinde doğrulukla gerçekleşmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında uygulama bölgesindeki ağaçlık alanda iki nokta, yapılaşmış alanda iki nokta ve diğer bölgede iki nokta (hem ağaçlık alandan hem de yapılaşmış alandan biraz uzaktaki bölgelerde) olmak üzere toplam 6 nokta belirlenmiştir. Sinyal Yansıması etkisinin yoğun olduğu hem yapılaşmış hem de ağaçlık alanda sürekli gözlem yapan referans istasyonları kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen gerçek zamanlı kinematik konum belirleme uygulamalarının doğrulukları analiz edilmiştir. Altı nokta için 02.11.2017, 03.11.2017, 04.11.2017 ve 05.11.2017 tarihlerinde Sanal Referans İstasyonu ve Lineer Alan Düzeltme Teknikleri ile ölçümler yapılmıştır. Bu ölçümlere ilaveten 4.11.2017 tarihinde ağaçlık ve yapılaşmış alandaki noktalarda 2’er saat, diğer noktalarda 1’er saatlik statik ölçümler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Total Station ile de yatay-düşey açı, yatay mesafe, alet yüksekliği ve işaret yükseklikleri ölçülmüştür. Daha sonra yapılan bu ölçümlerden elde edilen koordinat farkları, mesafe farkları, uydu sayıları ve karesel ortalama hata değerlerine göre analiz yapılmıştır. Yapılan bu analiz ve değerlendirmede, tamsayı belirsizliğinin çözülmüş olmasına dikkat edilmiştir. GPS+GLONASS uydularının ve Küresel Uydu Seyrüsefer Sistemi Alıcısının Z-Blade sinyal işleme teknolojisinin etkisiyle yatay koordinatlardaki farkları ± (1 mm - 4,5 cm) aralığında, yükseklik değerlerindeki farkları ise ± (5 cm - 30 cm) aralığında elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca da istatiksel test ile de bu farkların anlamlılıkları incelenmiştir.