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Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) disrupts hepatic glucose handling and alters pathways involved in glycogen metabolism, glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and gluconeogenesis. This study examined hepatic glycogen content and glucose metabolism-related enzyme levels at defined stages of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes and evaluated the effect of metformin at week 8. Methods: Sixty-three adult male Wistar Albino rats were initially allocated to nine groups (n = 7/group): four time-matched control groups (C1–C4), four untreated diabetic groups (D1–D4), and one metformin-treated diabetic group (T). Diabetes was induced with a single intraperitoneal dose of STZ (35 mg/kg). D1/C1, D2/C2, D3/C3, and D4/C4 were evaluated at weeks 1, 3, 6, and 8, respectively; T received metformin (100 mg/kg/day) in drinking water and was evaluated at week 8. One animal each in D3, D4, and T died spontaneously before the scheduled endpoint, leaving 60 animals for final analyses. Hepatic glycogen and glucose metabolism-related enzyme levels were measured by rat-specific sandwich ELISA. Results: Time-matched comparisons showed significant diabetes-associated differences in hepatic glycogen and all measured enzyme levels at weeks 1, 3, 6, and 8. At week 8, metformin shifted glycogen, glycogen synthase (GS), glycogen phosphorylase (GP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), pyruvate kinase (PK), hexokinase (HK), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP1) toward control values compared with untreated diabetic rats (Holm-adjusted p = 0.0035 for each comparison). However, T remained significantly different from C4 for every hepatic parameter, and final fasting blood glucose did not differ significantly between T and D4. Conclusions: STZ-induced diabetes was associated with marked alterations in hepatic glycogen and glucose metabolism-related enzyme levels. Metformin partially ameliorated these hepatic changes at week 8 despite persistent severe hyperglycemia, but it did not normalize the measured hepatic profile.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada yüksek oranda yağlı diyetle beslenen ve kolonotropik kanserojen maddeye maruz bırakılan ratlarda, haftada sadece 2 gün tam gıda kısıtlamasının (modifiye aralıklı besleme) serum inflamasyon markırları ve kanser gelişimi üzerine etkileri incelendi. Materyal ve Metod: Wistar albino ratlar her iki grupta 15 rat olacak şekilde deney (aralıklı besleme) ve kontrol olmak üzere iki gruba ayrıldı. Her iki grubtada yüksek yağlı diyetle 2 hafta ön besleme sonrasında, 12 hafta boyunca yüksek yağlı beslemeye devam edildi. Deneme grubu haftada sadece 2 gün tamamen yemden uzak tutuldu. Her iki gruba da deneme başında kolonotropik kimyasal karsinojen olan Dimetilhidrazin (DMH) 2 doz halinde 25 ve 125 mg/kg subkutan enjeksiyon şeklinde yapıldı. Bulgular: Çalışma sonunda serumda Crp, Tnf- α ve Il-6, Il-1 β, İnsülin, Leptin ve İgf-1 parametrelerin bakıldı. Deney grubunda serum crp, Tnf- α (p

Objective: Metabolic syndrome is a disease characterized by hypertension, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, and constitutes an important risk factor for cardiovascular disorders. The effect of evening primrose oil (EPO) on insülin, adiponectin and resistin levels in brain tissue was investigated in a fructose-related metabolic syndrome model. Materials and Methods: The rats were divided into 4 groups as control, evening primrose oil (orally at a dose of 0.1 ml/rat/day), fructose (20% fructose added), fructose+evening primrose oil for 57 days. At the end of the experiment, brain samples were taken and homogenized. Then, insülin, adiponectin and resistin levels were determined by ELISA. Results: Plasma insulin and resistin levels of the fructose group increased (p≤0.05 ) compared to the controls, on the contrary, adiponectin levels were significantly decreased (p≤0.05 ) in the fructose group. When EPO was given to rats given fructose, increased insulin and resistin levels decreased, while decreased adiponectin levels were increased. Conclusion: Fructose-induced impaired metabolic changes in brain tissue were partially ameliorated when EPO was administered. Accordingly, the use of EPO in the medical setting may be recommended by clinicians to reduce the harmful effects on the brain, since metabolic changes in the brains of rat fed with high fructose content can also occur with the intake of fructose from various foods in humans.

It is a well-known fact that diet with excessive fat and obesity are the triggers and theculprits of many diseases. .It is known that exercise increases physical fitness, affects general health positively and plays an active role in preventing diseases. This study investigated the effect of moderate exercise on liver function, lipid peroxidation and the lipid profile in rats fed with a high fat or standard diet.Twenty-four Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups as control, exercise, high-fat diet (HFD) and HFD+exercise (n=6). After 8 weeks of study glucose, lipid profile, liver fonction tests, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities and the malondialdehyde (MDA)level were measured in both serum and liver.Glucose levels in the HFD+E group were lower than the control and exercise (p<0.05).The serum MDA level in the HFD+E was lower than in the HFD (p<0.05). AST and ALT activities and the MDA level in liver lysates were lower in the HFD+E than in the HFD (p<0.05). Also, serum LDH and GGT activities increased in the exercise compared with the control (p<0.05). These data showed that moderate exercise has a regulatory effect on lipid profile, lipid peroxidation and liver enzymes. It is a well-known fact that diet with excessive fat and obesity are the triggers and theculprits of many diseases. .It is known that exercise increases physical fitness, affects general health positively and plays an active role in preventing diseases. This study investigated the effect of moderate exercise on liver function, lipid peroxidation and the lipid profile in rats fed with a high fat or standard diet.Twenty-four Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups as control, exercise, high-fat diet (HFD) and HFD+exercise (n=6). After 8 weeks of study glucose, lipid profile, liver fonction tests, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities and the malondialdehyde (MDA)level were measured in both serum and liver.Glucose levels in the HFD+E group were lower than the control and exercise (p<0.05).The serum MDA level in the HFD+E was lower than in the HFD (p<0.05). AST and ALT activities and the MDA level in liver lysates were lower in the HFD+E than in the HFD (p<0.05). Also, serum LDH and GGT activities increased in the exercise compared with the control (p<0.05). These data showed that moderate exercise has a regulatory effect on lipid profile, lipid peroxidation and liver enzymes.

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the impact of moderate-intensity physical exercise on serum inflammation markers and the immune system in rats that were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with intermittent fasting. Materials and Methods: A total of 48 Wistar albino male rats were included in the study and divided into eight groups, each consisting of six rats. Group 1 served as the control group (CG), receiving a standard diet. Group 2 followed the standard nutrition program with intermittent fasting (CG + IF). Group 3 underwent exercise with a standard diet (CG + E). Group 4 underwent both a standard diet with intermittent fasting and exercise (CG + IF + E). Group 5 was fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Group 6 received a high-fat diet with intermittent fasting (HFD + IF). Group 7 followed a high-fat diet with exercise (HFD + E). Group 8 underwent both a high-fat diet with intermittent fasting and exercise (HFD + IF + E). The study lasted for 8 weeks. Results: The results of the analysis show that lymphocyte cell levels in groups HFD + IF, HFD + IF, and HFD + IF + E were higher compared to groups CG-HFD (p < 0.05). Additionally, B lymphocyte and monocyte cell levels were higher in group HFD + IF + E compared to groups CG, CG + IF, and CG + IF + E, as well as CG, CG + IF, and CG + E, respectively. TNF-α levels were significantly higher in group HFD compared to the other groups. Furthermore, IL 10 levels were higher in group HFD + IF + E compared to the other groups. Conclusions: These findings indicate that moderate exercise and intermittent fasting, particularly in groups fed a high-fat diet, increased anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, and certain immune system cell counts, while decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels.

In this study, changes in heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) and certain biochemical parameters during chronic artery diseases were investigated. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the leading causes of death and morbidity in our country,which is also true for the world in general as well. CAD generally develops on the foundations of atherosclerosis. In this study, blood samples collected from patients who applied to Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Dursun Odabaş Medical Center Emergency Department and Cardiology Polyclinics with acute ischemic chest pain between January 2019 and June 2019 were evaluated. Patients were not given any drugs or other kinds of substances before sample collection. Of the patients who applied to the cardiology clinic, 24 patients with acute ischemic chest pain were diagnosed with chronic arteritis, 12 patients with cardiological problems were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM), 12 patients with hypertension (HT) problems and heart complaints, and 12 healthy individuals (who were not diagnosed with diabetes, hypertension or CAD) were included as research materials. Certain markers like Troponin, CK, CK-MB, AST, ALT, LDL-Cholesterol, HDL-Cholesterol, LDH, Glucose, and Creatinine in the blood samples were biochemically determined using an autoanalyzer (Abbott ci16200),while H-FABP values were determined using ELISA method. LDL-cholesterol levels were highest in the CAD group, HDL-Cholesterol and LDH levels were high in the CAD+HT group, while CK, CK-MB, cTnI, AST, Glucose, creatinine, and H-FABP levels were found to be high in the DM+CADgroup. Meanwhile, cTnI values were increased in people with HT or DM in addition to CAD, but there was no statistical significance. LDL-cholesterol changes also did not vary significantly between the groups. Intergroup changes in other parameters examined showed the importance of CK and Glucose levels at p≤ 0.001, AST p≤ 0.002, LDH p≤ 0.003, CK-MB p≤ 0.004, HDL-Cholesterol p≤ 0.049, Creatinine p≤ 0.011, and H-FABP p≤ 0.050. In recent years, H-FABP has taken its place in the field of cardiology with increasing importance in the diagnosis of CAD and MI. The findings obtained in this study show that the H-FABP level was increased in all patients examined (except the test group), and we recommend its use as a critical and useful parameter in the field of cardiology.

Aim: This study was performed to investigate the effect of exercise on serum resistin and leptin values in rats fed with a high-fat diet. Material and Method: 24 Wistar albino male rats were used in the study. They were randomly divided into 4 groups, with 6 rats in each group. The groups were determined as the control group (C), exercise group (E), high-fat diet (HFD) group, and high-fat diet + exercise (HFDE) Group. Results: When the findings obtained in this study were evaluated statistically, it was determined that the resistin values were similar in the C, E and HFDE groups, and higher in the HFD group compared to the other groups. It was observed that resistin value increased with high-fat diet and decreased with exercise. When evaluated in terms of leptin levels, the C and E groups showed similarity, while the HFD and HFDE groups showed similarity with each other. Although exercise decreased the leptin level, which was highly increased with a high-fat diet, it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: It has been determined that feeding with a high-fat diet causes an increase in serum resistin and leptin levels, and exercise provides a significant decrease in resistin values, but is not effective in leptin levels.

Aim: In this study, the effect of intermittent fasting on growth hormone (GH) and ghrelin was examined in rats that fed on a standard diet without any application that may cause the values to decrease or increase in order to see the net effect of intermittent fasting. Materials and Methods: 12 Wistar albino male rats were divided into the 1st group as Control (standard diet 2.8% crude fat. 23.1% crude protein. 5% crude fiber. 7.1% crude ash and 12.8% moisture) and the 2nd group as the intermittent fasting together with the diet group (with a 24-hour break from the non-consecutive diet for 2 days a week and all food restricted except water). Results: As a result of the analysis, it was found that the growth hormone in the intermittent fasting together with the standard diet group tended to increase compared to the control group, and while this value difference was not statistically significant, the ghrelin level was found to be statistically lower than the control group. Conclusion: As a result, it was found that intermittent fasting tends to increase the level of growth hormone, and to have a decreasing effect on ghrelin level, and it was concluded that it can be considered among the methods to be used to treat obesity and prevent its occurrence.

Objective: In this study, it was planned to examine the mineral levels in the milk of different breed dogs during the lactation period. Calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, copper, zinc, manganese and iron concentrations were analyzed in dog milk throughout the lactation period. Materials and methods: In this research 6 Labradors, 6 German Shepherds, 6 Pointers, 5 Turkish Tazis, 5 Setters, 7 Malinois, and 5 Golden Retrievers (a total 40 dogs) of 3 to 4 years age were used as research materials, all of which were under same management and feeding conditions. All dogs were on diets appropriate for gestation and lactation periods. Adequate milk volume could be collected 2-3 weeks after parturition, and there were no known medical problems. Each day's samples were kept capped and refrigerated after being collected. The concentrations of calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, copper, zinc, manganese and iron, were analyzed by using Varian Brand 30/40 model AAS device. Results: The Ca, K, Na, Zn, Mn and Fe levels of milk samples from different dog breeds were found to have no significant difference . The highest Mg level was determined in Pointer breed milk samples, and the lowest was determined in Setter milk samples. The highest Cu levels amongst the inspected races were in Labrador milk samples, whereas the lowest levels were determined in Setter breeds. Conclusion:This data shows that most of the analyzed milk content of different breeds of dogs did not change significantly during the same lactation period, and any present difference could be taken into account when evaluating breeding studies.

Aim: In our study, the therapeutic effect of resveratrol against the toxicity of cisplatin in rats with experimental diabetes mellitus with streptozotocin was investigated. Material and Method: 64 rats were used in the study. 8 groups were randomly formed, with 8 rats in each group. Group 1 was determined as the control group. Group 2 (STZ) was injected with 60 mg/kg streptozotocin intraperitoneally (ip) on the first day to induce diabetes. Group 3 (RES) was given 100 mg/kg of resveratrol orally every day. Group 4 (SIS), a single dose of cisplatin 7 mg/kg (ip) was administered 3 days later. Group 5 (STZ+RES), group 6 (STZ+SIS), group 7 (RES+SIS) and group 8 (STZ+SIS+RES) were determined. Results: While there was weight gain in the control and RES groups during the experiment, the STZ and STZ + SIS groups showed a significant decrease in body weights of the rats. In the groups given streptozotocin and cisplatin together with resveratrol, there was no decrease in body weight, but a small increase was observed. In groups with increased blood glucose values with streptozotocin, these values were found to have dropped significantly with resveratrol. The TAS level has increased significantly in groups RES, STZ+RES, SIS+RES and STZ+SIS+RES according to the control group; no significant difference has been found in the other groups compared to the control group. While the AST level was significantly higher in the STZ, SIS and STZ+SIS groups compared to the control group, the ALT level was found to be significantly higher in the STZ and STZ+SIS groups compared to the control group. Creatinine was found to be significantly higher in SIS, STZ+SIS, RES+SIS and STZ+SIS+RES groups compared to the control group. The SIS group and RES+SIS and STZ+SIS+RES groups were compared, the decrease in the RES+SIS and STZ+SIS+RES groups was statistically significant. QT (ms) values increased significantly in the STZ and STZ+SIS groups compared to the control group, but there was no significant difference in the other groups. According to the control group, the heart rate per minute was found to be significantly lower in the STZ and STZ+SIS groups. Conclusion: As a result, it was seen that the use of resveratrol would be effective in reducing the increased glucose levels in the treatment of diabetes and in the treatment of possible complications.