David M. Ruggiero

Transfer structures in reinforced concrete (RC) buildings enable architectural flexibility but often increase material use and embodied carbon. This study introduces an automated framework to quantify the embodied‐carbon premium associated with such systems. For each parametric configuration, two equivalent RC frames—one regular and one with a transfer beam—are designed through iterative finite‐element analysis, genetic‐algorithm optimization, and Eurocode‐based verification. Embodied carbon is evaluated on a cradle‐to‐gate basis using ICE v4.0 material factors. Across 3744 configurations, transfer systems consistently increased embodied carbon. At the frame level, the embodied‐carbon premium averaged 41.7% and ranged from 14.9% to 157.5%, with the highest values observed in end‐supported transfer configurations. The premium is governed primarily by geometric parameters, especially transfer span and building height, whereas material parameters have limited influence on relative impact. A transfer effort metric is proposed to predict the environmental penalty from geometric parameters alone. The results underline the need to integrate embodied‐carbon considerations into conceptual design to ensure more sustainable use of transfer structures.

This study addresses the critical need for sustainable architectural designs within the context of climate change and the significant role the built environment plays in greenhouse gas emissions. The focus of this paper is on understanding the influence of unbalanced cantilevers on the embodied carbon of structural systems in buildings, a subject that has, until now, remained underexplored despite its importance in architectural innovation and environmental sustainability. Employing a case study approach, the Melbourne School of Design (MSD) building serves as a primary example to assess the embodied carbon implications of cantilevered versus supported structures. The methodological framework encompasses a comparative embodied carbon assessment utilising an input–output-based hybrid life cycle inventory analysis approach. The findings reveal that unbalanced cantilevers in buildings, exemplified by the MSD building, can lead to a 10% increase in embodied carbon compared to alternative designs incorporating supporting columns. Such findings underscore the environmental premium for cantilevers, prompting a re-evaluation of design practices towards minimising embodied carbon. Through this investigation, the research contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable construction practices, offering valuable insights for both design practitioners and educators in the pursuit of improving the environmental performance of the built environment.

A growing body of research has shown that reversed cyclic shear loading of reinforced concrete (RC) causes effects that are not accounted for in monotonic behavioral models. Notable among these effects are a reduction in shear strength and significant plastic offsets. This paper presents the General Crack Component Model, a rational, mechanics‐based model that explicitly considers the constitutive behavior of cracks in RC. Cracked RC is treated as a series–parallel system of bonded and unbonded regions, where the crack interfaces have both crack closing hysteresis and a kinematic contact constraint. Validation was performed using data from monotonic and reversed cyclic experiments on panel elements, and has shown that this analytical model is able to accurately capture the salient features of reversed cyclic shear behavior.