Wensheng Gao

The aim of this research was to obtain an apple juice with a strong antioxidant effect through the fermentation of mixed lactic acid bacteria. Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus casei were selected and combined as fermentation strains from six strains of lactic acid bacteria. The effects of the amount of inoculated lactic acid bacteria, the fermentation temperature, and the fermentation time on the antioxidant capacity and sensory score of apple juice were investigated. The optimal technological conditions were as follows: an inoculation amount of 3%, a fermentation temperature of 37 °C, and a fermentation time of 37 h, which were determined through single-factor experiments and the Box–Behnken design. Under these conditions, the DPPH scavenging ability of the fermented apple juice was 62.31%, and the sensory score was 91.33. HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis showed that there were 39 and 46 main aroma compounds in apple juice and fermented apple juice, respectively. Fermentation increased the number of viable lactic acid bacteria, enhanced the polyphenol content, and enhanced the sensory score. A comparative evaluation of scavenging activity and total reducing power revealed that the antioxidant capacity of fermented apple juice significantly exceeded that of unfermented apple juice. Generally, mixed lactic acid bacteria fermentation enhanced antioxidant activities, while also presenting better aroma flavors and improved overall acceptability.

Both fulvic acid (FA) and nitrogen (N) play important roles in agricultural production in China. Plants typically show a higher nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) under FA application. However, the role of FA application in apple growth and NUE remains unclear. A hydroponic culture experiment was performed, and M9T337 seedlings (a dwarf apple rootstock) were used as the experimental subjects. The biomass, photosynthesis, accumulation, and distribution of photosynthates, N absorption and assimilation, and relative gene expression in the seedlings were examined after treatment with five different concentrations of FA (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 mg·L⁻¹, represented by CK, FA1, FA2, FA3, FA4, respectively). The results showed that the seedling dry weight and ¹⁵NUE were enhanced by FA, and both were highest under the FA2 (the concentration of fulvic acid is 120 mg·L⁻¹) treatment. Further analysis revealed that under the FA2 treatment, the root morphology was optimized, and the root activity was relatively high. Compared with CK (control, the concentration of fulvic acid is 0 mg·L⁻¹), the FA2 treatment strengthened photosynthesis, elevated the key enzyme activities related to C metabolism, upregulated the gene expression of sugar transport proteins, and increased the root sorbitol and sucrose contents, which suggested that the FA2 treatment optimally affected the root growth and N absorption because it enhanced photosynthate synthesis and the leaf-to-root translocation of photoassimilates. The seedlings in the FA2 treatment group also showed a significantly higher NO₃⁻ influx rate and NRT (nitrate transporter) gene expression in the roots. Moreover, relatively high N metabolism-related enzyme activities in the leaves and roots were also observed under the FA2 treatment. The isotope labeling results showed that the optimal FA2 supply not only promoted seedling ¹⁵N absorption but also optimized the distribution of C and N in the seedlings. These results suggested that an optimal FA supply (120 mg·L⁻¹) enhanced seedling NUE by strengthening photoassimilate synthesis and transport from leaves to roots, regulating N absorption, assimilation, and distribution.

An appropriate pretreatment process is an important part of the preparation of biomass energy from agricultural and forestry waste. Compared to physical and chemical pretreatments alone, the combined ammoniated fiber explosion (AFEX) + hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) pretreatment process can significantly improve the lignin degradation rate and saccharification efficiency, thus improving the hydrogen production capacity during medium-temperature dark fermentation. This study showed that the combined pretreatment increased the saccharification efficiency of herbaceous, hardwood, and softwood biomass by 58.7, 39.5, and 20.6% and the corresponding gas production reached 145.49, 80.75, and 57.52 mL/g, respectively. In addition, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed that AFEX + H₂O₂ disrupted the structure of the feedstock and was more favorable for lignin removal. Soluble metabolites indicated that AFEX + H₂O₂ pretreatment enhanced the butyrate metabolic pathway of the substrate and biohydrogen generation and increased the levels of extracellular polymers and microbial community structure.

The most essential issue facing the world today is the provision of energy and sustainable consumption of natural resources. Pretreatment is an essential step to produce biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) combined with NaOH (A-NaOH) pretreatment effects on the characteristics of Pennisetum sinese (herbaceous), oak (hardwood), and camphor wood (softwood) were assessed using enzymatic efficiency analysis, thereby identifying the composition properties of subsequent bio-H2 production. The results show that the lignin removal (84.2%, 59.7%, and 36.7%, respectively) at 5%A-NaOH conditions and enzymatic efficiency (36.2%, 9.7%, and 6.5%, respectively) of Pennisetum sinese (P. sinese), oak, and camphor wood were significantly increased under 4% A-NaOH conditions. Further A-NaOH pretreatment significantly promoted dark fermentation bio-H2 production (152.3, 99.1, and 76.9 mL/g TS, respectively) and volatile acid production (4660.2, 3720.2, and 3496.2 mg/L, respectively) of P. sinese, oak, and camphor wood. These findings show that A-NaOH pretreatment is an effective means of utilization of lignocellulose resources.