Haitham Alaa Hussein

The hydraulic characteristics of dams can be predicted with high precision and reliability of physical and numerical models depending on accurate hydraulic data. The model is operated and simulated to get a more efficient, optimized utilization of the dam. This research included a comprehensive overview and literature examination of the Makhool Dam which is considered one of the most important dams under construction in Iraq. Previous studies of the dam focused on different topics in the operation of the dam and analyses of its properties, part of which focused on the dam ability to manage flood and how it works best with other dams in critical times, and another part studied the properties of the stilling basin, velocity in the dam reservoir, pressure, seepage and other characteristics that affect the operating the dam. Despite this research and the variety of topics discussed, there is no well-established research on the operation of the bottom and emergency spillway of the dam by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation software. CFD is considered an essential tech because it has an important influence in determining the hydraulic properties of a spillway and studying its effectiveness under different operating conditions. Because the spillway is an important element in the dam body, the research highlighted the necessity of performing a simulation using appropriate CFD software for this part. This research has also reviewed previous research on CFD software and their ability to simulate previously constructed or under-construction dams to analysis of its hydraulic properties.

Horan Dam H4 is considered as earth dam that is placed northeast of the Rutba in Al-Anbar city to the middle-west of Iraq. The main task of constructing the dam is for the sake of saving rainfall for agricultural purposes and water harvesting. Through this study, a numerical model is established to study slope stability at steady state throughout the dam body under dynamic condition. In addition, the model was developed using a two-dimensional element approach by means of GeoStudio software, and input the time record for earthquake to maximum seismic acceleration for the study area in Iraq. Developing the model to determine the results of stability the earth dam in dynamic state, such as pore water pressure, effective stress, acceleration, displacement and factor of safety. It was found that the impact of the input ground acceleration runs down at time about (60 sec.). The upstream (U-S) and the downstream (D-S) stability of slopes of Horan dam was assessed through using the four methods: Morgenstern-Price, Bishop, Janbu, and Ordinary method. Furthermore, pore-water pressure, displacement and factor of safety increases at the same time effective stress decreases whereas the acceleration increases from (0.05g) to (0.163g). This study clarifies that Horan dam (H4) is totally safe considerably against slope stability collapse in dynamic state.

Agriculture is the only source of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Iraq. Annually more than 70% of the available water is used for irrigation. The total amount of land that can be cultivated in Iraq is 12 million hec. Only 2.2 million hec in Tigris basin and 1.37 million hec in the Euphrates basin were cultivated in 2001. According to the development of the projects in Turkey and development irrigation in Syria for the Euphrates basin, Iraq will face reduction in the amount of water entering Iraq with 50% for Tigris basin and 80% for Euphrates basin and with deficit of 21-22 billion cubic meters for the coming year 2030. The existing area of marshland restoration equal to 58%. The study suggests in case to increase the area of restoration Marshland to 75%, it should be need water amount to 2.5 BCM or 70 m³/s continuously with existing discharge.

Oil and water separation due to gravitation is extensively applied in water and wastewater treatment to get rid of the oil droplets. Optimum inlet baffle configuration may facilitate the formation of favorable flow fields and heighten the separator tank’s removal efficiency. Experimental tests were carried out to ascertain appropriate position for an inlet baffle in a rectangular separator tank. There are four parts in the experimental measurements. First of all, measured velocity fields make use of an acoustic Doppler velocimeter. Second of all, the uniformity of flow is measured by drawing a comparison of the standard deviation of the velocity profile. The oil concentration at both inlet and outlet points was later on assessed. Finally, the separation tank’s removal efficiency was evaluated. The results provide an indication that a uniform flow pattern improved when the inlet baffle position gave a minimum standard deviation value. In this case, the minimum concentration of oil at the outlet and the highest removal efficiency have been obtained.