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- 26 October 2026
- Published by Springer Nature in The European Physical Journal C
Measurement of di-muons from 400 GeV/c protons interacting in a thick molybdenum/tungsten target
by A. Aksoy, R. Albanese, K. Albrecht, F. Alessio, A. Alexandrov, F. Aloschi, T. Arndt, D. Arutinov, A. Ballarino, L. Baudin, et al.
Di-muon events emanating from a replica of the SHiP target at the CERN SPS (with a 400 GeV/c proton beam) contain a clear signal of $${J \hspace{-1.66656pt}/\hspace{-1.111pt}\psi \hspace{1.111pt}}$$ $J / ψ$ production. The target consisted of 13 interaction lengths of molybdenum and tungsten, followed by a 2.4m iron hadron absorber. The di-muon rate is in reasonable agreement with Monte Carlo simulation based on Pythia v8. However, the $${J \hspace{-1.66656pt}/\hspace{-1.111pt}\psi \hspace{1.111pt}} $$ $J / ψ$ rate observed in the data is much lower than predicted by the Monte Carlo simulation, which is advantageous for SHiP since muons with a large $$p_\textrm{T} $$ $p_{T}$ are more difficult to deflect by the active muon shield. For the center of mass rapidity ( $$y_{\textrm{cm}} $$ $y_{cm}$ ) interval with the largest overlap with the NA50 measurement, $$0.3< y_{\textrm{cm}} < 0.6$$ $0.3 < y_{cm} < 0.6$ , we obtain the production cross-section per nucleon $$\sigma ({J \hspace{-1.66656pt}/\hspace{-1.111pt}\psi \hspace{1.111pt}})/A$$ $σ (J / ψ) / A$ including the branching ratios of $${J \hspace{-1.66656pt}/\hspace{-1.111pt}\psi \hspace{1.111pt}} $$ $J / ψ$ decays into muons, $$B_{\mu ^+\mu ^-}$$ $B_{μ^{+} μ^{-}}$ : $$B_{\mu ^+\mu ^-}\sigma ({J \hspace{-1.66656pt}/\hspace{-1.111pt}\psi \hspace{1.111pt}})/A=(1.18~\pm ~0.04~\pm ~0.10)~\textrm{nb}$$ $B_{μ^{+} μ^{-}} σ (J / ψ) / A = (1.18 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.10) nb$ /nucleon. This is to be compared to the NA50 extrapolated result (using a much thinner target): $$B_{\mu ^+\mu ^-}\sigma ({J \hspace{-1.66656pt}/\hspace{-1.111pt}\psi \hspace{1.111pt}})/A=(0.99~\pm ~0.04)~\textrm{nb}$$ $B_{μ^{+} μ^{-}} σ (J / ψ) / A = (0.99 \pm 0.04) nb$ /nucleon. Within the systematic errors, no significant enhancement due to secondary production of $${J \hspace{-1.66656pt}/\hspace{-1.111pt}\psi \hspace{1.111pt}}$$ $J / ψ$ inside the target is observed. An upper limit at 90% confidence level of possible contributions from secondary collisions of $$<32\%$$ $< 32 %$ is obtained.
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- 26 October 2026
- Published by Springer Nature in The European Physical Journal C
Open Access
Measurement of di-muons from 400 GeV/c protons interacting in a thick molybdenum/tungsten target
by A. Aksoy, R. Albanese, K. Albrecht, F. Alessio, A. Alexandrov, F. Aloschi, T. Arndt, D. Arutinov, A. Ballarino, L. Baudin, et al.
Di-muon events emanating from a replica of the SHiP target at the CERN SPS (with a 400 GeV/c proton beam) contain a clear signal of $${J \hspace{-1.66656pt}/\hspace{-1.111pt}\psi \hspace{1.111pt}}$$ $J / ψ$ production. The target consisted of 13 interaction lengths of molybdenum and tungsten, followed by a 2.4m iron hadron absorber. The di-muon rate is in reasonable agreement with Monte Carlo simulation based on Pythia v8. However, the $${J \hspace{-1.66656pt}/\hspace{-1.111pt}\psi \hspace{1.111pt}} $$ $J / ψ$ rate observed in the data is much lower than predicted by the Monte Carlo simulation, which is advantageous for SHiP since muons with a large $$p_\textrm{T} $$ $p_{T}$ are more difficult to deflect by the active muon shield. For the center of mass rapidity ( $$y_{\textrm{cm}} $$ $y_{cm}$ ) interval with the largest overlap with the NA50 measurement, $$0.3< y_{\textrm{cm}} < 0.6$$ $0.3 < y_{cm} < 0.6$ , we obtain the production cross-section per nucleon $$\sigma ({J \hspace{-1.66656pt}/\hspace{-1.111pt}\psi \hspace{1.111pt}})/A$$ $σ (J / ψ) / A$ including the branching ratios of $${J \hspace{-1.66656pt}/\hspace{-1.111pt}\psi \hspace{1.111pt}} $$ $J / ψ$ decays into muons, $$B_{\mu ^+\mu ^-}$$ $B_{μ^{+} μ^{-}}$ : $$B_{\mu ^+\mu ^-}\sigma ({J \hspace{-1.66656pt}/\hspace{-1.111pt}\psi \hspace{1.111pt}})/A=(1.18~\pm ~0.04~\pm ~0.10)~\textrm{nb}$$ $B_{μ^{+} μ^{-}} σ (J / ψ) / A = (1.18 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.10) nb$ /nucleon. This is to be compared to the NA50 extrapolated result (using a much thinner target): $$B_{\mu ^+\mu ^-}\sigma ({J \hspace{-1.66656pt}/\hspace{-1.111pt}\psi \hspace{1.111pt}})/A=(0.99~\pm ~0.04)~\textrm{nb}$$ $B_{μ^{+} μ^{-}} σ (J / ψ) / A = (0.99 \pm 0.04) nb$ /nucleon. Within the systematic errors, no significant enhancement due to secondary production of $${J \hspace{-1.66656pt}/\hspace{-1.111pt}\psi \hspace{1.111pt}}$$ $J / ψ$ inside the target is observed. An upper limit at 90% confidence level of possible contributions from secondary collisions of $$<32\%$$ $< 32 %$ is obtained.
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- 1 September 2026
- Published by Springer Nature in The European Physical Journal C
SND@LHC upgrade for the high-luminosity LHC: physics reach and installation scenarios
by Snd@Lhc Collaboration, D. Abbaneo, S. Ahmad, R. Albanese, A. Alexandrov, F. Alicante, F. Aloschi, K. Androsov, A. Anokhina, L. G. Arellano, et al.
The SND@LHC experiment is currently taking data at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), exploring the unique forward region at pseudorapidities $$7.2<\eta <8.4$$ $7.2 < η < 8.4$ . Its physics programme covers neutrinos originating from heavy-flavour decays and feebly interacting particles produced in proton–proton collisions. Building upon the successful operation of the present detector, this paper presents the physics reach of the approved SND@LHC upgrade for Run 4 of the LHC, and compares it with an alternative installation scenario. Lowering the detector by approximately 40 cm and shifting it horizontally by about 30 cm, while keeping it off-axis, increases the total neutrino interaction rate by a factor of five. The paper describes the design of the upgraded detector and compares the physics performance in both installation scenarios.
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- 1 September 2026
- Published by Springer Nature in The European Physical Journal C
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SND@LHC upgrade for the high-luminosity LHC: physics reach and installation scenarios
by Snd@Lhc Collaboration, D. Abbaneo, S. Ahmad, R. Albanese, A. Alexandrov, F. Alicante, F. Aloschi, K. Androsov, A. Anokhina, L. G. Arellano, et al.
The SND@LHC experiment is currently taking data at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), exploring the unique forward region at pseudorapidities $$7.2<\eta <8.4$$ $7.2 < η < 8.4$ . Its physics programme covers neutrinos originating from heavy-flavour decays and feebly interacting particles produced in proton–proton collisions. Building upon the successful operation of the present detector, this paper presents the physics reach of the approved SND@LHC upgrade for Run 4 of the LHC, and compares it with an alternative installation scenario. Lowering the detector by approximately 40 cm and shifting it horizontally by about 30 cm, while keeping it off-axis, increases the total neutrino interaction rate by a factor of five. The paper describes the design of the upgraded detector and compares the physics performance in both installation scenarios.
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- 19 August 2026
- Published by Springer Nature in The European Physical Journal C
Measurement of the muon flux at SND@LHC
by Snd@Lhc Collaboration, D. Abbaneo, S. Ahmad, R. Albanese, A. Alexandrov, F. Alicante, F. Aloschi, K. Androsov, A. Anokhina, L. G. Arellano, et al.
The SND@LHC experiment investigates neutrinos in the $$7.2< \eta < 8.4$$ $7.2 < η < 8.4$ forward pseudorapidity range. The detector consists of a veto system, a scintillating fiber tracker interleaved with emulsion cloud chambers, and a downstream muon system. Muons originating from collisions at ATLAS (IP1) constitute the primary background for CC neutrino interactions and determine the replacement frequency of the emulsion target. A precise characterization of this flux is therefore essential. In this work, we report the muon flux measured in the central $$31 \times 31$$ $31 \times 31$ $$\textrm{cm}^2$$ ${cm}^{2}$ fiducial area of the detector using data from 2023 through 2025. The measured fluxes for proton collisions are: (1.90±0.04) $$\times 10^{-2}$$ $\times 10^{- 2}$ $$\text {nb/cm}^{2}$$ ${nb/cm}^{2}$ (2023), (3.76 ± 0.09) $$\times $$ $\times$ $$\text {10}^{-2}$$ $10^{- 2}$ $$\text {nb/cm}^{2}$$ ${nb/cm}^{2}$ (2024), and (2.48 ± 0.05) $$\times 10^{-2}$$ $\times 10^{- 2}$ $$\text {nb/cm}^{2}$$ ${nb/cm}^{2}$ (2025). A 2024 reference proton run at $$\sqrt{s} = 5.36\text { TeV}$$ $\sqrt{s} = 5.36 TeV$ yielded (4.21 ± 0.14) $$\times $$ $\times$ $$\text {10}^{-2}$$ $10^{- 2}$ $$\text {nb/cm}^{2}$$ ${nb/cm}^{2}$ , providing a direct baseline for the heavy-ion energy regime. The measured fluxes for heavy-ion collisions are (3.11±0.12) $$\times \text {10}^{4}$$ $\times 10^{4}$ $$\text {nb/cm}^{2}$$ ${nb/cm}^{2}$ , (5.53±0.22) $$\times 10^{4}$$ $\times 10^{4}$ $$\text {nb/cm}^{2}$$ ${nb/cm}^{2}$ , and (3.24±0.13) $$\times \text {10}^{4}$$ $\times 10^{4}$ $$\text {nb/cm}^{2}$$ ${nb/cm}^{2}$ in 2023, 2024, and 2025, respectively. Uncertainties are dominated by systematic effects, with the statistical component contributing $$\lesssim $$ $≲$ 0.1% to the total uncertainty. These results are in agreement with Monte Carlo predictions.
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- 19 August 2026
- Published by Springer Nature in The European Physical Journal C
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Measurement of the muon flux at SND@LHC
by Snd@Lhc Collaboration, D. Abbaneo, S. Ahmad, R. Albanese, A. Alexandrov, F. Alicante, F. Aloschi, K. Androsov, A. Anokhina, L. G. Arellano, et al.
The SND@LHC experiment investigates neutrinos in the $$7.2< \eta < 8.4$$ $7.2 < η < 8.4$ forward pseudorapidity range. The detector consists of a veto system, a scintillating fiber tracker interleaved with emulsion cloud chambers, and a downstream muon system. Muons originating from collisions at ATLAS (IP1) constitute the primary background for CC neutrino interactions and determine the replacement frequency of the emulsion target. A precise characterization of this flux is therefore essential. In this work, we report the muon flux measured in the central $$31 \times 31$$ $31 \times 31$ $$\textrm{cm}^2$$ ${cm}^{2}$ fiducial area of the detector using data from 2023 through 2025. The measured fluxes for proton collisions are: (1.90±0.04) $$\times 10^{-2}$$ $\times 10^{- 2}$ $$\text {nb/cm}^{2}$$ ${nb/cm}^{2}$ (2023), (3.76 ± 0.09) $$\times $$ $\times$ $$\text {10}^{-2}$$ $10^{- 2}$ $$\text {nb/cm}^{2}$$ ${nb/cm}^{2}$ (2024), and (2.48 ± 0.05) $$\times 10^{-2}$$ $\times 10^{- 2}$ $$\text {nb/cm}^{2}$$ ${nb/cm}^{2}$ (2025). A 2024 reference proton run at $$\sqrt{s} = 5.36\text { TeV}$$ $\sqrt{s} = 5.36 TeV$ yielded (4.21 ± 0.14) $$\times $$ $\times$ $$\text {10}^{-2}$$ $10^{- 2}$ $$\text {nb/cm}^{2}$$ ${nb/cm}^{2}$ , providing a direct baseline for the heavy-ion energy regime. The measured fluxes for heavy-ion collisions are (3.11±0.12) $$\times \text {10}^{4}$$ $\times 10^{4}$ $$\text {nb/cm}^{2}$$ ${nb/cm}^{2}$ , (5.53±0.22) $$\times 10^{4}$$ $\times 10^{4}$ $$\text {nb/cm}^{2}$$ ${nb/cm}^{2}$ , and (3.24±0.13) $$\times \text {10}^{4}$$ $\times 10^{4}$ $$\text {nb/cm}^{2}$$ ${nb/cm}^{2}$ in 2023, 2024, and 2025, respectively. Uncertainties are dominated by systematic effects, with the statistical component contributing $$\lesssim $$ $≲$ 0.1% to the total uncertainty. These results are in agreement with Monte Carlo predictions.
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- 29 June 2026
- Published by Springer Nature in The European Physical Journal C
Study of the Run-3 muon flux at the SND@LHC experiment
by Snd@Lhc Collaboration, D. Abbaneo, S. Ahmad, R. Albanese, A. Alexandrov, F. Alicante, F. Aloschi, K. Androsov, A. Anokhina, L. G. Arellano, et al.
Long-range muons produced in proton–proton collisions at the ATLAS interaction point constitute the primary background for neutrino interaction searches at the SND@LHC experiment. This work presents a comprehensive characterization of the muon flux throughout LHC Run-3, benchmarking Monte Carlo simulations against experimental measurements. Measured and simulated muon rates agree within 10–15% across all Run-3 configurations. Following the substantial background increase in 2024 as a result of a beam optics change, the reversion to nominal optics in 2025 did not restore the 2022–2023 levels due to the unprecedented adoption of horizontal crossing in ATLAS. As indicated by simulation results, horizontal crossing enhanced the contribution of high-angle muons originating from diffractive proton losses in the LHC Dispersion Suppressor region. Their identification enabled the design of mitigation strategies that were experimentally validated. The simulation framework was also applied to the future high-luminosity LHC configuration, resulting in a considerable muon rate rise, driven by both the planned luminosity increase and the enlarged magnet aperture. Nevertheless, the upgrade from emulsion films to silicon vertex detectors will preserve the efficiency of the experiment even in such a high-rate environment.
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- 29 June 2026
- Published by Springer Nature in The European Physical Journal C
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Study of the Run-3 muon flux at the SND@LHC experiment
by Snd@Lhc Collaboration, D. Abbaneo, S. Ahmad, R. Albanese, A. Alexandrov, F. Alicante, F. Aloschi, K. Androsov, A. Anokhina, L. G. Arellano, et al.
Long-range muons produced in proton–proton collisions at the ATLAS interaction point constitute the primary background for neutrino interaction searches at the SND@LHC experiment. This work presents a comprehensive characterization of the muon flux throughout LHC Run-3, benchmarking Monte Carlo simulations against experimental measurements. Measured and simulated muon rates agree within 10–15% across all Run-3 configurations. Following the substantial background increase in 2024 as a result of a beam optics change, the reversion to nominal optics in 2025 did not restore the 2022–2023 levels due to the unprecedented adoption of horizontal crossing in ATLAS. As indicated by simulation results, horizontal crossing enhanced the contribution of high-angle muons originating from diffractive proton losses in the LHC Dispersion Suppressor region. Their identification enabled the design of mitigation strategies that were experimentally validated. The simulation framework was also applied to the future high-luminosity LHC configuration, resulting in a considerable muon rate rise, driven by both the planned luminosity increase and the enlarged magnet aperture. Nevertheless, the upgrade from emulsion films to silicon vertex detectors will preserve the efficiency of the experiment even in such a high-rate environment.
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- 1 December 2025
- Published by IOP Publishing in Journal of Instrumentation
The SND@LHC neutron shielding
by D. Abbaneo, S. Ahmad, R. Albanese, A. Alexandrov, F. Alicante, F. Aloschi, K. Androsov, C. Asawatangtrakuldee, M.A. Ayala Torres, N. Bangaru, et al.
This paper presents the design, construction, and simulation-based validation of the ColdBox, a combined neutron shielding and insulating enclosure for the Scattering and Neutrino Detector at the LHC (SND@LHC). The emulsion films in the detector's target region require protection from the intense neutron radiation background and a stable environment of 15 ± 1 °C and 50–55 % relative humidity for long-term stability. The ColdBox meets these requirements through a dual-layer structure: an external 5 cm plexiglass wall to moderate fast neutrons, and an internal 4 cm layer of borated polyethylene (with 35 % boron content) to capture thermal neutrons. The mechanical design, based on a robust aluminum frame, accommodates the constraints of the TI18 tunnel. FLUKA simulations were used to optimize the shielding configuration, showing a significant reduction in the neutron flux, with a simulated ratio of shielded to unshielded thermal neutron fluence of 2.3 × 10 ^-3 . This result is consistent with initial measurements from BatMon detectors. The design also provides a sealed volume for a cooling system to maintain the required temperature and humidity, ensuring the necessary conditions for the emulsion films' integrity.
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- 1 December 2025
- Published by IOP Publishing in Journal of Instrumentation
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The SND@LHC neutron shielding
by D. Abbaneo, S. Ahmad, R. Albanese, A. Alexandrov, F. Alicante, F. Aloschi, K. Androsov, C. Asawatangtrakuldee, M.A. Ayala Torres, N. Bangaru, et al.
This paper presents the design, construction, and simulation-based validation of the ColdBox, a combined neutron shielding and insulating enclosure for the Scattering and Neutrino Detector at the LHC (SND@LHC). The emulsion films in the detector's target region require protection from the intense neutron radiation background and a stable environment of 15 ± 1 °C and 50–55 % relative humidity for long-term stability. The ColdBox meets these requirements through a dual-layer structure: an external 5 cm plexiglass wall to moderate fast neutrons, and an internal 4 cm layer of borated polyethylene (with 35 % boron content) to capture thermal neutrons. The mechanical design, based on a robust aluminum frame, accommodates the constraints of the TI18 tunnel. FLUKA simulations were used to optimize the shielding configuration, showing a significant reduction in the neutron flux, with a simulated ratio of shielded to unshielded thermal neutron fluence of 2.3 × 10 ^-3 . This result is consistent with initial measurements from BatMon detectors. The design also provides a sealed volume for a cooling system to maintain the required temperature and humidity, ensuring the necessary conditions for the emulsion films' integrity.
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- 1 October 2025
- Published by IOP Publishing in Journal of Instrumentation
Studies of hadronic showers in SND@LHC
by D. Abbaneo, S. Ahmad, R. Albanese, A. Alexandrov, F. Alicante, F. Aloschi, K. Androsov, A. Anokhina, C. Asawatangtrakuldee, M.A. Ayala Torres, et al.
The SND@LHC experiment was built for observing neutrinos arising from LHC pp collisions. The detector consists of two sections: a target instrumented with SciFi modules and a hadronic calorimeter/muon detector. Energetic νN collisions in the target produce hadronic showers. Reconstruction of the shower total energy requires an estimate of the fractions deposited in both the target and the calorimeter. In order to calibrate the SND@LHC response, a replica of the detector was exposed to hadron beams with 100 to 300 GeV in the CERN SPS H8 test beam line in Summer 2023. This report describes the methods developed to tag the presence of a shower, to locate the shower origin in the target, and to combine the target SciFi and the calorimeter signals so to measure the shower total energy.
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- 1 October 2025
- Published by IOP Publishing in Journal of Instrumentation
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Studies of hadronic showers in SND@LHC
by D. Abbaneo, S. Ahmad, R. Albanese, A. Alexandrov, F. Alicante, F. Aloschi, K. Androsov, A. Anokhina, C. Asawatangtrakuldee, M.A. Ayala Torres, et al.
The SND@LHC experiment was built for observing neutrinos arising from LHC pp collisions. The detector consists of two sections: a target instrumented with SciFi modules and a hadronic calorimeter/muon detector. Energetic νN collisions in the target produce hadronic showers. Reconstruction of the shower total energy requires an estimate of the fractions deposited in both the target and the calorimeter. In order to calibrate the SND@LHC response, a replica of the detector was exposed to hadron beams with 100 to 300 GeV in the CERN SPS H8 test beam line in Summer 2023. This report describes the methods developed to tag the presence of a shower, to locate the shower origin in the target, and to combine the target SciFi and the calorimeter signals so to measure the shower total energy.
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- 1 July 2025
- Published by IOP Publishing in Journal of Instrumentation
Installation and performance of the 3rd Veto plane at the SND@LHC detector
by D. Abbaneo, G. Acampora, S. Ahmad, R. Albanese, A. Alexandrov, F. Alicante, F. Aloschi, K. Androsov, A. Anokhina, C. Asawatangtrakuldee, et al.
During 2022/2023 the optimal inefficiency of the Veto system of the SND@LHC detector was measured to be (7.8 ± 2.8) × 10^-8. To reduce this inefficiency, a third Veto plane was installed during the 2023-2024 Year End Technical Stop. In addition, the Veto system was lowered to cover the target fully, thereby increasing acceptance. This paper describes how the inefficiency of the Veto system was reduced from (7.8 ± 2.8) × 10^-8 with an acceptance of about 64% of the target area in 2022-2023 to (4.9 ± 1.9) × 10^-9 on the full area in 2024.
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- 1 July 2025
- Published by IOP Publishing in Journal of Instrumentation
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Installation and performance of the 3rd Veto plane at the SND@LHC detector
by D. Abbaneo, G. Acampora, S. Ahmad, R. Albanese, A. Alexandrov, F. Alicante, F. Aloschi, K. Androsov, A. Anokhina, C. Asawatangtrakuldee, et al.
During 2022/2023 the optimal inefficiency of the Veto system of the SND@LHC detector was measured to be (7.8 ± 2.8) × 10^-8. To reduce this inefficiency, a third Veto plane was installed during the 2023-2024 Year End Technical Stop. In addition, the Veto system was lowered to cover the target fully, thereby increasing acceptance. This paper describes how the inefficiency of the Veto system was reduced from (7.8 ± 2.8) × 10^-8 with an acceptance of about 64% of the target area in 2022-2023 to (4.9 ± 1.9) × 10^-9 on the full area in 2024.
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- 13 June 2025
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review Letters
Observation of Collider Neutrinos without Final State Muons with the SND@LHC Experiment
by D. Abbaneo, S. Ahmad, R. Albanese, A. Alexandrov, F. Alicante, K. Androsov, A. Anokhina, T. Asada, C. Asawatangtrakuldee, M. A. Ayala Torres, et al.
We report the observation of neutrino interactions without final state muons at the LHC, with a significance of 6.4 σ . A dataset of proton-proton collisions at s = 13.6 TeV collected by SND@LHC in 2022 and 2023 is used, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 68.6 fb − 1 . Neutrino interactions without a reconstructed muon are selected, resulting in an event sample consisting mainly of neutral-current and electron neutrino charged-current interactions in the detector. After selection cuts, 9 neutrino interaction candidate events are observed with an estimated background of 0.32 events.
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- 13 June 2025
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review Letters
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Observation of Collider Neutrinos without Final State Muons with the SND@LHC Experiment
by D. Abbaneo, S. Ahmad, R. Albanese, A. Alexandrov, F. Alicante, K. Androsov, A. Anokhina, T. Asada, C. Asawatangtrakuldee, M. A. Ayala Torres, et al.
We report the observation of neutrino interactions without final state muons at the LHC, with a significance of 6.4 σ . A dataset of proton-proton collisions at s = 13.6 TeV collected by SND@LHC in 2022 and 2023 is used, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 68.6 fb − 1 . Neutrino interactions without a reconstructed muon are selected, resulting in an event sample consisting mainly of neutral-current and electron neutrino charged-current interactions in the detector. After selection cuts, 9 neutrino interaction candidate events are observed with an estimated background of 0.32 events.
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- 1 December 2024
- Published by IOP Publishing in Journal of Instrumentation
An integrated flux-symmetric spectrometer-magnet system for the SND@LHC experiment upgrade
by D. Abbaneo, S. Ahmad, R. Albanese, A. Alexandrov, F. Alicante, K. Androsov, A. Anokhina, T. Asada, C. Asawatangtrakuldee, M.A. Ayala Torres, et al.
The proposed upgrade of the SND@LHC experiment for the High Luminosity phase of the LHC (HL-LHC) will strongly benefit from the presence of a magnetized region, allowing for muon momentum and charge measurement. In this paper we describe an iron core magnet system that is partly integrated with the calorimeter and that is designed to respect the strict constraints from the available space in the experimental cavern, power consumption, and field requirements. Semi-analytical tools are introduced to explore the parameter space, in order to define the primary design options. A full 3-D analysis is then performed in order to validate the optimal choice, and to propose a conceptual design, including sizing of the components, detector performances and stray fields. Several technical options are also discussed, anticipating the design phase.
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- 1 December 2024
- Published by IOP Publishing in Journal of Instrumentation
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An integrated flux-symmetric spectrometer-magnet system for the SND@LHC experiment upgrade
by D. Abbaneo, S. Ahmad, R. Albanese, A. Alexandrov, F. Alicante, K. Androsov, A. Anokhina, T. Asada, C. Asawatangtrakuldee, M.A. Ayala Torres, et al.
The proposed upgrade of the SND@LHC experiment for the High Luminosity phase of the LHC (HL-LHC) will strongly benefit from the presence of a magnetized region, allowing for muon momentum and charge measurement. In this paper we describe an iron core magnet system that is partly integrated with the calorimeter and that is designed to respect the strict constraints from the available space in the experimental cavern, power consumption, and field requirements. Semi-analytical tools are introduced to explore the parameter space, in order to define the primary design options. A full 3-D analysis is then performed in order to validate the optimal choice, and to propose a conceptual design, including sizing of the components, detector performances and stray fields. Several technical options are also discussed, anticipating the design phase.
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- 28 October 2024
- Published by Elsevier in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
From dark matter searches to proton therapy: Measuring target fragmentation with nanometric nuclear emulsions
by V. Boccia, A. Alexandrov, T. Asada, G. De Lellis, N. D’aMbrosio, A. Lauria, T. Maggipinto, M.C. Montesi, S. My, V. Tioukov, et al.
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- 28 October 2024
- Published by Elsevier in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
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From dark matter searches to proton therapy: Measuring target fragmentation with nanometric nuclear emulsions
by V. Boccia, A. Alexandrov, T. Asada, G. De Lellis, N. D’aMbrosio, A. Lauria, T. Maggipinto, M.C. Montesi, S. My, V. Tioukov, et al.
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