Krishna Radheshyam Gupta

Introduction: Ovarian cancer is a very fatal gynecologic tumor that is often diagnosed at late stages, hence reducing the availability of other treatment methods. Naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds, isolated in botanical sources and named Flavonoids, have already shown significant promise as anticancer agents because of their ability to prevent tumor growth, cause apoptosis, and alter critical signaling pathways with minimal toxicity and wide availability. Methods: The review is an in-depth analysis of recent studies that aim at synthesizing and assessing flavonoid derivatives in the context of ovarian cancer. A scientific search and survey were conducted in key scientific databases to locate the literature on the topic used the following search words: ovarian cancer and flavonoid derivatives. The discussion primarily focused on chemical synthesis, biological efficacy, and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of these compounds. Results: Many synthetic flavonoid derivatives, in particular triazole-linked, chalcone-based, and halogenated analogs, have exhibited high cytotoxic activity against ovarian cancer cell lines (IC 50 <10μM). The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), Topoisomerase II alpha inhibition, and the regulation of the PI3K/Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways were identified as the possible mechanistic pathways. Apigenin-7-methyl ether analogues and chrysin hybrids are among the more active and selective derivatives. Discussion: Flavonoid analogues exhibit anticancer effects by a variety of mechanisms, such as induction of apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest, and oxidative stress regulation. The SAR studies showed that certain replacements, like trifluoromethyl and halogen, and piperazine groups, improve bioactivity and drug-like properties. Synthetic methodologies usually comply with green chemistry guidelines, but additional optimization is necessary to support the development of environmental sustainability and scalability. Conclusion: Flavonoid derivatives are a promising, low-toxicity alternative/complement to traditional ovarian-cancer treatments. Although there have been preclinical successes, issues like poor bioavailability and lack of in vivo validation still remain. Interdisciplinary studies are urgently required so that these compounds can be translated into therapeutic interventions that can be used in clinical practice.

Introduction: Gut-brain communication depends on neuropeptides and hormones, and the Neuropeptide Y (NPY) family, which includes NPY, Peptide YY (PYY), and Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP), plays an important role. These peptides also affect gastrointestinal (GI) motility, secretion, nutrient uptake, and intestinal development. Diseases, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), gastroparesis, and obesity, are attributed to disruptions in this signaling axis. In this review, the physiological and pathological functions of NPY and its receptor subtypes (Y1, Y2, Y4, Y5) in the GI tract, the therapeutic potential of Pharmacological and natural modulators of this pathway are evaluated. Methods: An overview of recent experimental, clinical, and pharmacological evidence was carried out to describe receptor-specific activity, delineate the underlying pathophysiology, and investigate the clinical implications of NPY modulation in gastrointestinal health and disease Results: Literature reveals that NPY signaling controls GI motility, secretion, and appetite via diverse receptor pathways. Low NPY levels are often linked with diarrheal manifestations of IBD, while PYY-mediated ileal brake supports enhanced nutrient absorption. New therapeutic strategies are promising: Y1 receptor agonists can reduce diarrhoea, Y1 antagonists can be useful in constipation, and Y2/Y5 modulators may be useful in some conditions, including obesity and gastroparesis. Discussion: The existing evidence confirms the role NPY receptors play in the GI homeostasis and disease pathology. The modeling of precision-based pharmacological interventions facilitates an enhanced comprehension of receptor-based interactions. Yet, the difference in the study design and the paucity of long-term clinical data are also significant weaknesses. Conclusion: The NPY system is an essential part of the gut-brain axis. Inhibition of Y-receptor pathways is an attractive approach to promote GI functionality and bridge therapeutic gaps in functional and inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases.

1. 1.1. Asthma is a long-term inflammatory condition of the airways that is characterized by reversible airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. The symptoms include wheezing, coughin...

Asthma is a disease that has a high morbidity and health care burden impacting more than 300 million people worldwide, but the heterogeneity of the disease cannot be adequately handled through conventional stepwise management using inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators. This critical review explores the changing face of asthma care with a particular focus on precision medicine with endotype-informed stratification and biomarker-targeted choice of therapies. The existing traditional therapies, such as inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting beta-agonists, and leukotriene modifiers, are still considered baseline but have limited effects in moderate-to-severe cases with heterogeneous inflammatory phenotypes. Groundbreaking biologic therapies based on type-2 inflammatory pathways have changed the management outcomes. Guided by biomarkers such as blood eosinophils, fractional exhaled nitric oxide, and serum IgE levels, anti-IgE, anti-IL-5/IL-5R, anti-IL-4/IL-13, and anti-TSLP agents show significant reductions in exacerbations and oral corticosteroid-sparing effects. A combination of accurate endotype typing algorithms with biomarker-based treatment selection guidelines will allow optimization of personalized therapy and forecasting of biologic response. New treatments of IL-33, JAK-STAT, and new delivery models will lead to better outcomes regardless of patient phenotypes. Nevertheless, constraint heterogeneity of treatment, safety in particular groups, high-cost barriers, and improper adherence limit other applications to the real world. This review is a synthesis of the existing knowledge and future perspectives, with the main focus being put upon personalized medicine approaches, combination strategies, and novel drug delivery systems as the key factors in the enhancement of long-term performance, minimization of disease burden, as well as clinical remission in asthma patients. Graphical Abstract-

The emergence of nitrosamine impurities in therapeutic products has created significant attention due to their genetically toxic and carcinogenic potential. This review emphasizes the crucial role of pharmaceutical analysis in identifying and quantifying nitrosamines, thereby ensuring medication safety and compliance with legal regulations. Nitrosamines can originate from various sources, including raw materials, solvents, and nitrosating agents, necessitating comprehensive risk evaluation and management. Key types of nitrosamines, their Acceptable Intake (AI) limits, and their impact on public health are discussed. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) are examples of sophisticated analytical methods that are now essential for detecting and measuring nitrosamines with great accuracy and sensitivity. New methods and innovative sample preparation methods are also explored for their potential to enhance analytical performance. Unlike previous reviews that often focus separately on toxicological, regulatory, or analytical aspects, this study presents a comprehensive, integrative approach that bridges recent regulatory developments with stateof- the-art detection technologies. Special emphasis is given to emerging trends in analytical innovation and proactive risk mitigation strategies, which are less explored in current literature. Regulatory agencies have outlined a three-step process to control nitrosamine contamination, which includes source identification, risk evaluation, and mitigation. This review highlights reformulation, process optimization, and alternative materials as key strategies. It emphasizes the integration of regulatory guidance and scientific innovation to enhance analytical methods, reduce impurities, and ensure safer pharmaceuticals, reinforcing public trust and commitment to health.