Thabiso Victor Miya

Tumor mutational burden (TMB) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are key biomarkers for predicting immunotherapy responses in cutaneous melanoma. The discordance between brisk TIL morphology and absent cytokine signals complicates immune profiling. We examined the interactions between TMB, TIL patterns, cytokine expression, and genomic alterations to uncover immune escape mechanisms and refine prognostic tools. A structure-based BRAF druggability analysis was performed to anchor the genomic findings in a therapeutic context. Primary cutaneous melanoma cases (N = 205) were classified as brisk (n = 65), non-brisk (n = 60), or absent TILs (n = 80) according to the American association for cancer research (AACR) guidelines. Inter-observer concordance was measured using intraclass correlation. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels were graded using immunohistochemistry. Eleven brisk TIL cases lacking TNF-α expression were analyzed using the (Illumina TruSight Oncology 500, Illumina-San Diego, CA, USA). Dabrafenib docking to the BRAF ATP site was performed with Glide SP/XP and rescored with Prime MM-GBSA. Brisk TILs lacking cytokine signals suggested post-translational silencing of TNF-α/IFN-γ. Among the 11 profiled cases, eight exhibited high TMB and copy number alterations, with enrichment of nine metastasis/immune regulation genes. Inter-observer concordance was high (absent TILs, 95%; brisk TILs, 90.7%). BRAF docking yielded a canonical type-I pose and strong ATP pocket engagement (ΔG_bind −84.93 kcal·mol⁻¹). Single biomarkers are insufficient for diagnosis. A multiparametric framework combining histology, cytokine immunohistochemistry (IHC), and genomic profiling enhances stratification and reveals immune escape pathways, with BRAF modeling providing a mechanistic anchor for the targeted therapy.

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality among women, primarily due to its complex molecular landscape and heterogeneous nature. The tendency of breast cancer patients to develop metastases poses significant challenges in clinical management. Notably, mutations in the breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) significantly elevate breast cancer risk. The current research endeavors employ diverse molecular approaches, including RNA, DNA, and protein studies, to explore avenues for the early diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Recent attention has shifted towards long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as promising diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets in the multifaceted progression of breast cancer. Among these, long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs), a specific class of lncRNAs, play critical roles in regulating various aspects of tumorigenesis, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, epigenetic modulation, tumor invasion, and metastasis. Their distinctive expression patterns in cellular and tissue contexts underscore their importance in breast cancer development and progression. Harnessing lincRNAs’ sensitivity and precision as diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic markers holds significant promise for the clinical management of breast cancer. However, the potential of lincRNAs remains relatively underexplored, particularly in the context of BRCA1-mutated breast cancer and other clinicopathological parameters such as receptor status and patient survival. Consequently, there is an urgent need for comprehensive investigations into novel diagnostic and prognostic breast cancer biomarkers. This review examines the roles of lincRNAs associated with BRCA1 in the landscape of breast cancer, highlighting the potential avenues for future research and clinical applications.

Prostate cancer (PCa) continues to be the most diagnosed cancer and the second primary cause of fatalities in men globally. There is an abundance of scientific evidence suggesting that the human microbiome, together with its metabolites, plays a crucial role in carcinogenesis and has a significant impact on the efficacy of anticancer interventions in solid and hematological cancers. These anticancer interventions include chemotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and targeted therapies. Furthermore, the microbiome can influence systemic and local immune responses using numerous metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Despite the lack of scientific data in terms of the role of SCFAs in PCa pathogenesis, recent studies show that SCFAs have a profound impact on PCa progression. Several studies have reported racial/ethnic disparities in terms of bacterial content in the gut microbiome and SCFA composition. These studies explored microbiome and SCFA racial/ethnic disparities in cancers such as colorectal, colon, cervical, breast, and endometrial cancer. Notably, there are currently no published studies exploring microbiome/SCFA composition racial disparities and their role in PCa carcinogenesis. This review discusses the potential role of the microbiome in PCa development and progression. The involvement of microbiome-derived SCFAs in facilitating PCa carcinogenesis and their effect on PCa therapeutic response, particularly immunotherapy, are discussed. Racial/ethnic differences in microbiome composition and SCFA content in various cancers are also discussed. Lastly, the effects of SCFAs on PCa progression via epigenetic modifications is also discussed.