Sharath Peramenahalli Chikkegowda

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) possess a unique array of mechanical and physical attributes, setting them apart from unreinforced matrix alloys. These include exceptional specific strength, toughness and impact properties, remarkable thermal stability, heightened electrical, elevated wear resistance and commendable corrosion inhibition. To shape discontinuously reinforced MMCs into near-net shapes and enhance their strength, and ductility, secondary deformation processes can be employed. Conventional secondary processes forging, extrusion, rolling and friction stir processing are dealt with in detail in this chapter. Thermo mechanical treatment can be integrated into the manufacturing process immediately or following the initial stages of fabrication or consolidation. To achieve the desired microstructural and mechanical properties, processing conditions such as temperature, total deformation, and deformation rate must be optimized for the system being treated. Many research groups have conducted extensive investigations on the influence of hot and cold manufacturing on the mechanical and microstructural characteristics of MMCs. Comparison of different forming processes are highlighted and the relationship between them is expressed.

A drone is a compact flying robot that can be designed to fly automatically as well as remotely controlled. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are drones that were first developed for military use in the early 20th century They were primarily used for functions such as target practice, surveillance, and explosives delivery. . Drones have proven invaluable in rapidly delivering critical medical supplies such as drugs, vaccines and life-saving organs to remote areas with limited access to healthcare. This capability can be used to improve the lack of access to health services, especially in remote areas, and to provide immediate assistance in emergencies and disaster relief operations. This study covers the various roles of drones in healthcare, focusing on their use in emergency situations, supporting telemedicine, delivering medical supplies and monitoring public health. Drones have played an important role in solving health care problems by providing remote consultations, improving the transportation of essential medical supplies and assisting in disaster relief.

In recent days, farmers have started employing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to monitor their crops, support precision agriculture initiatives, and improve productivity. Precision agriculture is one tactic that has recently attracted a lot of attention, and unmanned aerial vehicles play a vital role in the process. According to the study, the amount of food consumed worldwide could increase by 59% to 98% by the year 2050. According to predictions, agriculture will account for 80%–90% of the drone market's growth over the next ten years. To increase production and satisfy the demands of an expanding population, there has been a significant increase in so-called precision agriculture, particularly the monitoring component. Precision field monitoring is a difficult task to accomplish on a wide and large scale.

Mechanical alloying is a solid-state powder processing technique that has revolutionized the development of advanced materials, including aluminium alloys. This chapter provides a concise overview of the key aspects of mechanical alloying applied to aluminium alloys, exploring its principles, advantages, and potential applications. The process of mechanical alloying involves subjecting aluminium powder and alloying elements to intense mechanical deformation using a high-energy ball mill. This results in repeated welding, fracturing, and cold welding of particles, leading to the creation of a homogenous and fine-grained microstructure. The alloying mechanisms encompass solid-state diffusion and deformation-induced mixing, facilitating the uniform dispersion of alloying elements within the aluminium matrix. Mechanical alloying has several distinct advantages over conventional alloying methods. Request access from your librarian to read this chapter's full text.

Alloys with an equal balance of ferrite and austenite provide super duplex stainless steel (DSS) with enhanced strength and corrosion resistance. This study utilized mechanical alloying to produce nanostructured super duplex stainless steel powders for the identification of methylene blue dye in wastewater. High-energy particle grinding was employed to create the SAF-2507 DSS powders. To electrochemically oxidize methylene blue dye in wastewater, a modified carbon paste electrode (DSS-MCPE) was developed. Methylene blue, a water-soluble cationic colorant extensively used in the paper, pulp, and textile industries, poses a threat to human health and water supplies when improperly disposed of. DSS-MCPE demonstrated a significant current response, indicating its capability to detect methylene blue dye in a pH range of 6–8. The experiment revealed that 2 mg of DSS-MCPE produced a maximum current response of 72.22 μA, facilitating the effective electrooxidation of methylene blue dye in wastewater. Furthermore, the investigation demonstrated that the active surface area of the 2 mg of DSS-MCPE (0.478 cm2) was greater than that of the bare carbon paste electrode (BCPE) (0.054 cm2). The increased active surface area was correlated with an enhanced current response. The strong interaction between methylene blue molecules at the interface of the produced 2 mg of DSS-MCPE contributed to the observed increase in anodic current across methylene blue concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.6 mM.

SAF-2507 super duplex stainless steel powders (SDSS) were prepared using a high-energy planetary ball milling process. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows peak broadening after 20 h of ball milling and revealed a phase transformation resulting in a two-phase alloy mixture containing nearly equal amounts of ferrite (α) and austenite (γ). After 20 h of ball milling the particle size was reduced to ~201 nm. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs showed small-size irregular grains with an average particle size ranging from 5–7 µm. The high-resolution transmission microscope (HRTEM) analysis confirmed the presence of nanocrystalline particles with sizes ranging from 10 to 50 nm. The presence of ferrite phase is visible in the corresponding diffraction pattern as well. In this paper, we have discussed the electrochemical sensor application of mechanically alloyed nano-structured duplex stainless steel powders. The fabricated 4 mg duplex stainless steel modified carbon paste electrode (SDSS-MCPE) has shown excellent current sensitivity in comparison with 2, 6, 8, and 10 mg SDSS-MCPEs during the detection of ascorbic acid (AA) in a phosphate buffer solution with a pH of 6.8. The calculated electrode active surface area of SDSS-MCPE was found to be almost two times larger than the surface area of the bare carbon paste electrode (BCPE). The limit of detection (LD) and limit of quantification (LQ) were found to be 0.206 × 10⁻⁸ M and 0.688 × 10⁻⁸ M, respectively, for the fabricated 4 mg SDSS-MCPE.