Baogang Lin

To address the issues of subjectivity in the selection of design schemes for pocket parks in public building environments, as well as the lack of scientific and objective decision making, a comprehensive TOPSIS method-based optimization decision model for pocket park design schemes was developed. Firstly, an evaluation index system for the pocket park design schemes was established through a literature review and expert interviews. Secondly, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Entropy Weight Method (EWM) were employed to determine the weight coefficients of various evaluation criteria, combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. Finally, the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) algorithm was applied, constructing a weighted decision matrix for the design schemes based on each criterion. By calculating the distance between each evaluation scheme and the ideal solution, the final ranking was determined, thus completing the comprehensive evaluation and optimization of the design schemes. This model was used to assist designers in the decision-making process for scheme optimization, achieving a priority ranking of five pocket park design schemes in a district of Xi’an, and validating the objectivity, feasibility, and scientific nature of this method.

Objective This research aims to propose the construction of a regional cultural landscape system for the Long March National Cultural Park and to deeply explore the interaction between tourism flow space and place space, so as to guide the optimization of the spatial organization model for regional thematic exhibition areas within the park. By constructing a well-organized regional cultural landscape system, the research seeks to better showcase and preserve the spirit of the Long March within the region, thus enhancing the overall coherence, hierarchical structure, and visitor experience of regional cultural landscape. Methods Based on the “flow space – place space” perspective, the research proposes six spatial structure elements for the regional cultural landscape system: “Flow – chain – network – domain – field – point”. Social Network Analysis (SNA) is employed to identify and analyze the regional tourism flow network structure in the Yan’an section of the park. Through data collection, 228 travel routes and 86 cultural landscapes within the Yan’an section are reviewed. By virtue of SNA tools, an in-depth analysis is conducted on the distribution characteristics of tourism flow, network density, node weighted degree, and betweenness centrality. Based on relevant analysis results, the research optimizes three spatial organization model of “patch – corridor – node” to delineate the thematic exhibition areas within the Yan’an section. Results The research results indicate a significant interaction between tourism flow space and place space: Tourism flow space provides perceptual demand for place space, while place space offers behavioral objectives for tourism flow. This interactive relationship reveals the functional and value characteristics of the spatial structure within the regional cultural landscape system. The six spatial structure elements of “flow – chain – network – domain – field – point” can effectively construct a regional cultural landscape system, which may be specifically described as follows. 1) Flow: Serving as the foundation for constructing the regional cultural landscape system, flow represents the event connections formed between different places within the region, reflecting the types of events each place carries. 2) Network: As the network structure of the regional red cultural landscape system, the network consists of multiple intersecting Long March routes within the region, embodying the spirit of the Long March. 3) Chain: Acting as the corridor of the regional cultural landscape system, the chain is the main axis among the multiple Long March routes, typically centered on the Central Red Army, and reflects the development trajectory of representative historical events in the region. 4) Domain: As the material carrier of the regional cultural landscape system, the domain represents the districts or counties that the chain passes through within the region. Each domain reflects a unique aspect of the Long March spirit and forms an integral part of the overall Long March narrative in the region 5) Field: As the field within the regional cultural landscape system, it represents the landscape clusters formed by representative historical events within the domain, showcasing the areas with the most profound Long March spirit within the domain. 6) Point: As the center of the regional cultural landscape system, the point is the central place within landscape clusters, serving as a focal point for cultural and historical narratives. Based on these elements and the identification results of the regional spatial structure of tourism flow, specific places within the “patch – corridor – node” model can be precisely located to delineate regional thematic exhibition areas. In the empirical research on the Yan’an section, six thematic exhibition areas are successfully delineated. In Ganquan County, one key exhibition park, one concentrated exhibition belt, and two special exhibition points are identified. The key exhibition park is centered around the significant historical event of the “Snow Speech”, while the concentrated exhibition belt follows the Central Red Army’s route in Ganquan County. The special exhibition points rely on sites of particular historical significance, such as the “Laoshan Battle Martyrs Cemetery” and the “Former Site of Shanxi-Gansu Border Material Station”, which play crucial intermediary roles. Conclusion From the perspective of “flow space – place space”, the construction of the regional cultural landscape system should further explore and reflect regional characteristics, especially in the transmission and display of the Long March spirit. The optimization of the spatial organization model for regional thematic exhibition areas must comprehensively consider the real needs of both supply and demand sides, so as to ensure that the optimized model meets the perceptual needs of visitors while fully utilizing the historical and cultural values of the sites. These findings not only provide a new theoretical perspective and structural framework for studying the spatial functions of regional cultural landscapes, but also offer scientific guidance and direct support for the practical construction of the Long March National Cultural Park. Future research should further explore different organizational models of landscape layouts to enhance the functionality and expression of regional cultural landscapes, thus ensuring their long-term stability and sustainable development.

Development in the rural environment is a key pillar motivating international organizations' functions and operations. The development in this area falls under the 2030 Agenda of Sustainable Development of the UN. Rural development and factors such as culture might be utilized to achieve such agenda and improve populations living in conditions. The current study was literature systemic reviewing the evolution path and the impact mechanism on the issue of rural human settlement. Results in the current study showed that natural ecosystems, socioeconomic systems, facilities, and service systems all follow one of seven general evolution paths. Terrain and ecology, climate change and catastrophe, the agricultural and rural economy, population increase, and other factors all contribute to disruption. Policy, technology, and the habits of individual households inform the development of action plans. Every evolutionary outcome has both fragile and hardy features. The government and individual families took measures to lower vulnerability and increase resilience by concentrating on the actual problem of the rural human settlements system. Further, the study observed that the effects of rural human settlements on rural development occur in a systematic way. These changes, most obviously seen in the form of new and improved rural human settlement projects, have the potential to affect many facets of the human settlement system as a whole, making it cleaner, more practical, more harmonic, and generally more pleasant places to live. These benefits will have a multiplicative impact on the health, wealth, and happiness of rural residents; the efficiency, modernity, and prosperity of rural businesses; and the quality of life in rural areas. Rozwój w środowisku wiejskim jest kluczowym filarem motywującym funkcje i działanie organizacji międzynarodowych. Rozwój w tym obszarze wpisuje się w Agendę Zrównoważonego Rozwoju ONZ 2030. Rozwój obszarów wiejskich i czynniki takie jak kultura mogą zostać wykorzystane do osiągnięcia tego celu i poprawy warunków życia populacji. Niniejsze badanie miało charakter systemowego przeglądu literatury dotyczącej ścieżki ewolucji i mechanizmu oddziaływania na problematykę wiejskiego osadnictwa ludzkiego. Wyniki wykazały, że naturalne ekosystemy, systemy społeczno-gospodarcze, obiekty i systemy usług podążają jedną z siedmiu ogólnych ścieżek ewolucji. Teren i ekologia, zmiany klimatyczne i katastrofy, gospodarka rolna i wiejska, wzrost liczby ludności i inne czynniki przyczyniające się do zakłóceń. Polityka, technologia i zwyczaje poszczególnych gospodarstw domowych wpływają na rozwój planów działania. Każdy wynik ewolucji ma zarówno słabe, jak i silne cechy. Rząd i obywatele podjęli działania mające na celu zmniejszenie podatności na zagrożenia i zwiększenie odporności, koncentrując się na rzeczywistym problemie wiejskiego systemu osadnictwa ludzkiego. Ponadto zaobserwowano, że wpływ osiedli ludzkich na obszarach wiejskich na rozwój obszarów wiejskich występuje w sposób systematyczny. Zmiany te, najwyraźniej widoczne w postaci nowych i ulepszonych projektów osiedli ludzkich na obszarach wiejskich, mogą potencjalnie wpłynąć na wiele aspektów systemu osadnictwa ludzkiego jako całości, czyniąc go czystszym, bardziej praktycznym, bardziej harmonijnym i ogólnie przyjemniejszym miejscem do zamieszkania. Korzyści te będą miały zwielokrotniony wpływ na zdrowie, bogactwo i szczęście mieszkańców obszarów wiejskich; efektywność, nowoczesność i dobrobyt przedsiębiorstw wiejskich; i jakość życia na obszarach wiejskich.

The practice of rural construction has been exploring and trying to adapt to the needs of rural development in various periods. In recent years, under the attention and promotion of the central policy, various social forces have joined the ranks of rural construction, and art intervention in rural construction has begun as a new method. Entering the public eye, it deeply intervenes in the construction and development of the countryside in a more gentle way, from the key point of interaction between the social and cultural orientation and the material needs of the countryside. However, most of the art interventions in rural construction practice only unilaterally use artistic techniques to beautify local areas or display works, without realizing the hidden artistic and cultural value of the village and ignoring the participation and role of the villagers in the whole process. After the construction is completed, once the foreign construction forces are withdrawn, the development of the village will stagnate. Therefore, mobilizing the main body of rural construction (original villagers) to participate in the joint construction of the village is an important link to solve the current problems of art intervening in the construction of rural settlements.