Akanksha Dave

This review examines a multimodal approach that integrates advanced neuroimaging, biofluid biomarkers, and innovative rehabilitation strategies for the optimized diagnosis and recovery of traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI remains a critical public health challenge due to its high incidence and diverse, long-lasting morbidities. Conventional diagnostic methods often lack the sensitivity to detect subtle injuries, and current prognostic models are limited by the heterogeneity of TBI. Emerging neuroimaging techniques, including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), functional MRI (fMRI), PET, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), along with blood- and CSF-based biomarkers, are increasingly important in assessing injury severity and guiding treatment. Furthermore, novel rehabilitation modalities such as virtual/augmented reality (VR/AR), brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), and targeted cognitive therapies have demonstrated potential to harness neuroplasticity and improve functional recovery. Despite these advancements, challenges remain in standardizing biomarker assays and integrating multimodal data into personalized treatment plans. Future research should validate these approaches in diverse patient populations to refine prognostic models and enhance clinical translation.

The assessment and treatment of vertebral primary bone lesions continue to pose a unique yet significant challenge. Indeed, there exists little in the literature in the way of compiling and overviewing the various types of vertebral lesions, which can often have complicated intervention strategies. Given the severe consequences of mismanaged vertebral bone tumors—including the extreme loss of motor function—it is clear that such an overview of spinal lesion care is needed. Thus, in the following paper, we aim to address the assessment of various vertebral primary bone lesions, outlining the relevant nonsurgical and surgical interventional methods. We describe examples of primary benign and malignant tumors, comparing and contrasting their differences. We also highlight emerging treatments and approaches for these tumors, like cryoablation and stereotactic body radiation therapy. Ultimately, we aim to emphasize the need for further guidelines in regard to correlating lesion type with proper therapy, underscoring the innate diversity of vertebral primary bone lesions in the literature.