Shuang Song

Electrocatalysts are crucial to drive the electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO₂RR) which lower the energy barrier, tune the intricate reaction pathways and suppress competitive side‐reaction. Beyond the efficient active sites and advantageous local environment, a rapid mass transfer ability is also crucial for the catalyst design. However, it is rare that research has been done to investigate in detail the mass transfer process in CO₂RR, and expose the underlying relationship between mass transfer and final performance. Here, a single‐atom Fe‐N‐C catalyst is shown with a highly ordered porous substrate containing hierarchical micropores, mesopores, and macropores. Such a delicate porous structure significantly facilitates the mass transfer process toward the isolated Fe sites, achieving excellent CO₂RR performance, especially in the limited mass transfer region in a H‐cell with a maximum CO partial current density of ‐19 mA cm⁻². Operando electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and relevant distributed relaxation times analysis reveal the rapidly decreased mass transfer resistance with the increase of reduction potential. The Lattice Boltzmann method with Discrete Element method (LBM‐DEM) simulations are further performed to exhibit the origin of enhanced CO₂RR performance from the facilitated gas diffusion process.

A single frequency impedance method is introduced, based on an optimum high frequency of minimum phase and faradaic processes, to monitor gas bubble evolution during water electrolysis in operando .