Marina Andreozzi

The present paper investigates the effect of FW process parameters, such as winding angles and process speeds, on the mechanical properties of wound Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) components. The X-Winder machine was used to realize the CFRP tubular parts with different winding angle values (30°, 60°, 90°) and process speeds, obtained varying the combination of the carriage and mandrel speeds. To investigate the mechanical properties of the wound components, rings specimens were obtained from the tubular structures by cutting operations and tensile tests were performed according to the ASTM D2290 international standard. The results show that an increase in the winding angle leads to a relevant improvement in tensile properties; whilst a slight rise in those properties can be achieved by increasing the process speeds.

This study investigates the influence of process parameters on the mechanical properties and energy consumption of photopolymeric resins in the Masked Stereolithography (MSLA) 3D printing process. ELEGOO technology and resin were used to manufacture tensile specimens, according to ASTM D638-22 standards. The study employed a Full Factorial Design varying layer thickness (LT) and exposure time (ET) across three levels. Ultimate Tensile strength (UTS) and energy consumption were analyzed through experimental testing and nonlinear regression modelling. Results reveal that UTS decreases with increased LT, while higher ET enhances UTS. Energy consumption decreases as LT increases but rises with an increase of ET. Predictive models of UTS and Energy Consumption demonstrated high accuracy with R² values of 0.99 for both UTS and energy consumption, indicating their robustness in prediction process dynamics. These findings provide critical insights for optimizing MSLA printing to balance mechanical performance and energy efficiency.

Composite materials, particularly carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs), have become a cornerstone in industries requiring high-performance materials due to their exceptional mechanical properties, such as high strength-to-weight ratios, and their inherent lightweight nature. These attributes make CFRPs highly desirable in aerospace, automotive, and other advanced engineering applications. However, the compressive behavior of CFRP structures remains a challenge, primarily due to the material sensitivity to structural instability, leading to matrix cracking and premature failure under compressive loads. Isogrid structures, characterized by their unique geometric patterns, have shown promise in enhancing the compressive behavior of CFRP panels by providing additional support that mitigates these issues. Traditionally, these structures are manufactured using automated techniques like automated fiber placement (AFP) and automated tape laying (ATL), which, despite their efficacy, are often cost-prohibitive for small-scale or custom applications. Recent advancements in 3D-printing technology, particularly those involving continuous fiber reinforcement, present a cost-effective and flexible alternative for producing complex CFRP structures. This study investigates the compressive behavior of 3D-printed isogrid structures, fabricated using continuous carbon fiber reinforcement via an Anisoprint Composer A3 printer equipped with towpreg coextrusion technology. A total of eight isogrid panels with varying infill percentages were produced and subjected to buckling tests to assess their performance. The experimental results indicate a direct correlation between infill density and buckling resistance, with higher infill densities leading to increased buckling loads. Additionally, the failure modes were observed to shift from local to global buckling as the infill density increased, suggesting a more uniform distribution of compressive stresses. Post-test analyses using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the presence of voids within the 3D-printed structures, which were found to negatively impact the mechanical performance of the isogrid panels. The findings of this study demonstrate that 3D-printed isogrid CFRP structures can achieve significant buckling resistance, making them a viable option for high-performance applications. However, the presence of voids remains a critical issue, highlighting the need for process optimizations in 3D-printing techniques to enhance the overall performance and reliability of these structures.

Additive manufacturing, particularly Fused Filament Fabrication, has gained significant attraction in recent years. In order to increase the mechanical performances of several components, continuous reinforcements, such as carbon fibers, can be coextruded with a polymeric matrix.The present study relies on a specific 3D printing process, called towpreg coextrusion, which exploits continuous carbon fibers covered with an epoxy resin and polyamide (PA) as the thermoplastic matrix, thus obtaining a 3D printed two-matrix composite. Since polyamide is a highly hygroscopic material, the impact of moisture content on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed continuous composites was investigated. Tensile and flexural specimens were manufactured and tested under both undried and dried conditions. Drying treatment was carried out at a temperature of 70 °C for 2 h in oven, with weight measurements before and after for quantifying weight loss and then the moisture removal. Additionally, through thermogravimetric analysis, the thermal stability of the material was assessed. It was observed that the drying process allows for a reduction of up to 0.56% by weight of moisture in the specimens. Thus, the drying process led to an improvement in the mechanical properties of the material. Specifically, the tests reveal a 15% increase in tensile strength and an 11.5% increase in flexural strength following the drying process, reaching values of 392.78 MPa and 151.06 MPa, respectively. Similarly, an increase in the tensile and flexural moduli was noted in the treated specimens. Finally, fractured samples underwent optical and scanning electron microscopy analysis, through which different fracture mechanisms of the material and the presence of macrovoids and microvoids attributable to the 3D printing process were observed. Knowledge of deposition defects represents an important starting point for the improvement of the process and the mechanical properties obtained to date. This research provides valuable insights into optimizing 3D-printed continuous composites, emphasizing the importance of moisture control for superior mechanical performance in industrial applications.

Effect of infill percentage and pattern on compressive behavior of FDM-printed GF-CF PA6 composites ANDREOZZI Marina, BIANCHI Iacopo, FORCELLESE Archimede,

Effect of carbon nanotube content on the mechanical behaviour of CFRP composite materials Marina Andreozzi, Iacopo Bianchi, Archimede Forcellese, Serena Gen

The present work aims at studying the effect of the reinforcing fabric areal weight on the mechanical properties of composite laminates in carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers. Three different pre-impregnated 2 × 2 twill weaves, characterized by the different areal weight values of 380, 630, and 800 g/m² were used to produce laminates. These areal weights were selected to represent typical values used in structural application. A hand lay-up technique followed by an autoclave cycle curing was employed to produce the laminates. The desired final thickness of the laminates was obtained by laying-up a different ply number, as a function of the areal weight and thickness of each fabric. Uniaxial tensile and in-plane shear response tests were performed on samples obtained from laminates after curing. Furthermore, the presence of voids in composite materials were detected by performing resin digestion tests. Finally, light optical microscopy and stereomicroscopy analyses allowed observing the different arrangement of the plies in the cross-sections of laminates after curing and evaluating the degree of compaction as a function of the reinforcing fabric used. It was demonstrated that the fabric areal weight significantly affects the mechanical performances of the composite laminates; specifically, the decrease in the areal weight of the twill weave leads to an increase in tensile strength, elastic modulus, and in-plane shear stress, i.e., of about 56.9%, 26.6%, and 55.4%, respectively, if 380 g/m² and 800 g/m² fabrics are compared. These results are crucial for an optimal material selection during the design process for industrial applications and help to better understand composite material behavior.

Multi-criteria decision model of sustainable industrial production: A case study on 3D printed carbon PA ANDREOZZI Marina, GENTILI Serena, MANCIA Tommaso, S