Paulo Eder Recoba Obregon

Background: Nutritional status assessment is the cornerstone of the Nutrition Care Process, guiding diagnosis, intervention, and monitoring. The classical ABCD model (Anthropometry, Biochemical, Clinical, Dietary) has been widely applied; however, it presents limitations in addressing current nutritional and epidemiological challenges. Objective: This narrative review aims to synthesize and update the scientific evidence on the expanded nutritional assessment model, known as ABCDEFG, which incorporates the Ecological–microbiota (E), Functional (F), and Genomic–nutrigenomic (G) approaches. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted through PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, covering publications from 2013 to 2025. Articles were selected based on relevance to at least one of the seven assessment domains. Findings were synthesized descriptively and critically, highlighting applications, strengths, and limitations. Results: The ABCDEFG framework offers a multidimensional perspective of nutritional assessment. While anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary methods remain essential, the inclusion of ecological dimensions (gut microbiota, environmental influences), functional measures (e.g., muscle strength, physical performance), and genomics enables a more sensitive and personalized evaluation. This integrative approach supports better clinical decision-making and research innovation in nutrition and health sciences. Conclusions: The seven-method model broadens the scope of nutritional assessment, bridging traditional and emerging tools. Its application enhances the capacity to identify nutritional risks, design targeted interventions, and advance precision nutrition.

Introduction: Oncological patients undergoing gastric or colon surgery with malnutrition may present alterations related to the inflammatory response and post-operative complications. Objective: The aim of the following article is to determine, based on a systematic review with meta-analysis, the effect of enteral immunonutrition (arginine, glutamine, omega-3 and nucleotides) as a nutritional strategy in hospitalised cancer patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery to reduce post-operative infectious complications and modify changes in the inflammatory response. Material and Methods: An exhaustive search was conducted in Spanish, English and Portuguese for the Medline databases through Ovid, Cochrane (Central), Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, Google Scholar and Trip Data Base. Duplicate filtering was performed by two reviewers using the Rayyan tool and data extraction with risk of bias assessment using the ROB-2 tool. Meta-analyses were performed with fixed effects models and publication bias assessment using funnel plots. Results: 18 international randomised clinical trials (RCTs) (5.5 % developed in the Americas, 50 % in Asia and 44.5 % in Europe) were used for the construction of the systematic review. For enteral immunonutrition compared to standard enteral nutrition a low level of certainty was found for the outcomes of post-operative complications due to infections (RR 0.74 CI 95%; 0.60-0.90, p=0.003; I2=12%, random effects model) in patients with gastric and colon cancer. Conclusions: Enteral immunonutrition may have little to no effect on the occurrence of infectious post-operative complications in the oncology patient with major gastrointestinal surgeries.

El paciente oncológico con tratamiento quirúrgico gástrico o de colon con desnutrición, pueden presentar alteraciones con respeto a la respuesta inflamatoria y complicaciones post operatorias. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar, a partir de una revisión sistemática con metaanálisis, el efecto de la inmunonutrición enteral (arginina, glutamina, omega 3 y nucleótidos) como estrategia nutricional en pacientes oncológicos hospitalizados sometidos a cirugías mayores gastrointestinales para la disminuir las complicaciones post operatorias y modificar los cambios en la respuesta inflamatoria. Se revisó la literatura tanto en español, inglés y portugués para recolectar la información registrada en las bases de datos Medline a través de Ovid, Cochrane (Central), Scopus, Web of Science y EMBASE. Adicionalmente se realizó la búsqueda en los motores como Google Académico y Trip Data Base. Se detectaron 1236 artículos relacionados al tema, de los cuales se seleccionaron 18 ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) internacionales (5,5 % desarrollados en América, 50 % en Asia y 44,5 % en Europa). Esta selección se basó en los criterios de inclusión-exclusión, y mediante la metodología de la herramienta Cochrane, para la clasificación de la calidad de la evidencia en la tabla de resumen y graduación de la fuerza de recomendación se utilizó el sistema GRADE. Por lo tanto, los criterios de selección de la literatura para este estudio, permitieron identificar un nivel de certeza baja y fuerza de recomendación fuerte para los resultados de complicaciones post operatorias por infecciones (RR 0.74 IC 95%; 0.60-0.90, p=0.003; I2=12%) para el tratamiento con inmunonutrición enteral, aplicada a pacientes con cáncer gástrico y colon. Este resultado avala el efecto favorable de la inmunonutrición enteral en el manejo de las complicaciones post operatorias infecciosas en el paciente oncológico con cirugías mayores gastrointestinales.

A partir de la aparición de la pandemia covid-19 se han generado cambios en los hábitos alimentarios y niveles de actividad física de la población y en especial en los estudiantes universitarios, que además de mantenerse en cuarentena, deben continuar sus estudios de manera virtual durante la jornada y sin posibilidad de practicar deporte ni asistir a gimnasios, lo junto al estrés que genera este nuevo tipo de actividad docente, le convierte en blanco de las enfermedades crónicas, resultantes de este estilo en el que no se practica tampoco una buena alimentación en muchos casos. Se revisó literatura relacionada con los hábitos alimenticios y el nivel de actividad física de estudiantes universitarios en el período que duró la pandemia, para estudiar qué tipo de relación hay o no. Luego de los diferentes estudios, se mostró que aproximadamente el 60 % de los estudiantes presentaron hábitos alimentarios adecuados, pudiéndose destacar que, de ese valor, el 61%. Referido a la actividad física, el 49 %, de los universitarios presentaron actividad física leve, de los cuales el sexo femenino participó en un 55%, y el sexo masculino el 56% tuvieron actividad física alta. Se concluyó que existe una relación significativa pero el nivel es bajo entre hábitos alimentarios y el nivel de actividad física en los universitarios durante la pandemia por COVID-19.

Background: The purpose of this study was to measure the preventive and regenerative effect of glutamine and probiotics induced by alcohol injury in Holtzman rats. Methods: Analytical, experimental and prospective study. The population consisted of 56 male rats between 300 and 350 g, distributed in three experimental phases: Pre-pilot phase PPP (6 rats), Pilot phase PP (10 rats), and Experimental phase EP (40 rats). In the pilot phase, 10 rats were subjected to damage with 8.5% ethanol, which was given intragastrically. The dosage was calculated for 10 rats in two groups: the first with 7.5 mL/kg in 5 rats and the second with 8.5 mL/kg in 5 rats. The experimental phase was performed in 40 rats divided into 6 groups, the negative control group (healthy), positive control group (injured), preventive experimental group (glutamine and glutamine with probiotic) and regenerative experimental group (glutamine and glutamine with probiotic). At the end of each phase, the rats were sacrificed with sodium pentobarbital (Halathal) and a portion of their stomachs was stored in formol. Results: The evaluation of stomach tissue samples (desquamation, erythema, hyperemia) showed that in the preventive phase, glutamine shows effectiveness in comparison to glutamine with probiotic. In the regenerative phase, glutamine and glutamine with probiotic did not show significant differences. Conclusions: Glutamine and probiotics can potentially serve as a therapy for the treatment for gastritis.