Abdurrahman Kardas

Principal behaviors affect the improvement of school outcomes significantly not only by providing psychological and professional support for teachers but also by facilitating a positive learning environment at school. This has cultivated both policy and research interest in understanding how principals’ leadership behaviors can leverage student outcomes both directly and indirectly through teachers. In this quest, three leadership models have become prominent due to their close relation to classroom instruction and learning: instructional, transformational, and distributed leadership. The current study aims to reveal the causal relationships between these leadership behaviors of principals and student outcomes as well as assessing the mediating effect of teacher self-efficacy on this relationship. Utilizing meta-analytic structural equation modelling (MASEM) methodology, the study analyzes data from prior studies to offer a more comprehensive and holistic analysis of the complex relationships between the variables. The analysis of data from 90 studies and 499.335 participants in total showed that all three leadership behaviors affected student outcomes both directly and indirectly through teacher self-efficacy. They also had a moderate direct influence on teacher self-efficacy while teacher self-efficacy had a moderate effect on student outcomes. These results reiterate the significance of principal leadership behaviors to facilitate student outcomes and suggest that the integrated practice of leadership in accordance with contextual requirements could leverage the effectiveness and improvement of schools.

The Leadership for Learning (LfL) framework is often used to investigate the effect of leadership on student achievement (SA). This framework encompasses instructional leadership (IL), transformational leadership (TL), and distributed leadership (DL) qualities that are likely to influence teaching–learning processes at school. The existing literature indicates that LfL can influence both teacher performance and practices and students’ achievement significantly. The current study aims to investigate the mediating role of teacher performance in the relationship between LfL and student achievement using meta-analytical structural equation modeling (MASEM). Correlation values obtained from 60 studies (a total of 36,331 participants) investigating the relationship between these variables were used for the meta-analysis. The findings showed that all three types of leadership affected teacher performance directly, and teacher performance had a direct effect on student achievement. While the effect of IL on SA was mostly indirect, TL and DL were found to affect student achievement both directly and indirectly through teacher performance. Our findings suggest significant implications for not only researchers but also policy-makers and practitioners to improve school performance.

Principal instructional leadership (PIL) is significant for school effectiveness due to its direct and indirect influences on school-, teacher-, and student-level variables. A considerable number of studies have provided persuasive evidence that PIL is associated with both collective efficacy (CEF) and teacher self-efficacy (TSEF), two significant variables to sustain the quality of instruction. These studies were conducted with a variety of participants from various contexts. The current study aims to investigate the association between PIL and TSEF, and the mediating role of CEF in this association using meta-analytical structural equation modeling (MASEM). This analysis was conducted using the correlation values obtained from 26 studies focusing on their relationship and included data from a population of 19.584 participants from around the world, thus providing a more generalizable perspective on these variables. The results indicated that PIL was correlated with both CEF and TSEF, and the combined influence of PIL and CEF on TSEF was 31%. The study findings also showed that the scales used to measure PIL could produce different results regarding these relationships, while gender did not have a significant effect. These results suggest significant implications for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners to sustain school effectiveness in the fast-changing context of schools in the twenty-first century.

Okul müdürlerinin okulda görev yapmakta olan personele ve ilişkili olunan personele ilişkin ötekileştirme davranışlarının belirlenebilmesi eğitim ve okul yönetimi açısından alana önemli katkı sağlayabilir. Bu gerekçeler doğrultusunda bu çalışmanın amacı, okul müdürlerinin ötekileştirme davranışlarını ölçmeye yarayan geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı geliştirmektir. 52 maddeden oluşan taslak ölçek Batman ilinde, 2020-2021 eğitim öğretim yılında görev yapan 475 öğretmen ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapı geçerliği için Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) ve yapının doğrulanması için Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) aynı veri ile yapılmıştır. Açımlayıcı faktör analizine göre ölçek, öz değeri birden büyük beş alt boyuttan oluşmaktadır. Toplam varyansın %68,445’ini açıklamaktadır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonuçlarına göre Ki-kare değeri kabul edilebilir, AGFI kabul edilebilir düzeydedir. GFI (iyilik uyum indeksi) kabul edilebilir, NFI kabul edilebilir, IFI kabul edilebilir ve RMR mükemmel uyum düzeyindedir. Modelin RMSEA değeri de kabul edilebilir düzeydedir. Bu sonuçlara göre, ölçeğin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu söylenebilir.