Bo Hu

Collective memory shapes how societies respond to extreme climate events, yet long-term evidence on how the collective memory of such events becomes perceptually biased over time is lacking. Here, we utilise four centuries (1470–1900) of climatic archives from northern China, along with tree–ring–based hydroclimate reconstructions, which are validated against instrumental observations of Wet/Dry Index (1901–2000) to fill the gap. We find that historical records reveal systematic, non-random mismatches, where severity assessments are often biased toward recent experience rather than absolute climatic anomalies. Correlations between historical and natural records increase when the natural series is re-standardised using 20–40-year sliding windows, reflecting a generational offset. A heuristic agent-based model reproduces this pattern, suggesting that generational amnesia is sufficient to explain the offsets in perception of environmental change. We argue that historical archives carry a generational imprint of perceptual bias, in which the severity of climate extremes is judged against recent lived experience rather than long-term climate variability. This has implications for bias-aware corrections for risk assessment, adaptation, and paleoclimate reconstruction.

Irrigation districts that have long been managed around water scarcity are increasingly confronted with rapid‐onset flooding, creating new challenges for agricultural flood risk management. This study examines how personal disaster experience, village communication, and social media shape farmers' perceptions of future flood loss and planting intentions in the Hetao Irrigation District of Bayannur City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The case is analytically important because recent flood shocks emerged in a historically drought‐oriented human‐water system. Based on a field survey of 591 farmers and analyzed using linear and generalized linear mixed‐effects models, the results indicate that personal disaster experience is the strongest predictor of future flood loss perception and is also associated with lower willingness to expand cultivated land. Media‐based disaster comparison significantly increases perceived future drought loss but does not further increase perceived flood loss. Community disaster communication does not directly heighten flood risk perception, yet it is positively associated with plans to expand production. The study identifies which information channels make flood loss salient and consequential for farm planning after recent events. The findings show that recent flood memory now dominates local risk cognition in this drought‐oriented irrigation system. Flood risk management in such settings should combine recent lived experience, locally specific guidance on waterlogging and drainage, and community‐based recovery support to strengthen agricultural resilience.

Nudging as a strategy to alter behaviors has garnered increasing attention from both researchers and policymakers. Here, we conduct a second‐order meta‐analysis, synthesizing 13 articles (14 meta‐analyses) that include 1638 primary studies and approximately 30 million participants. We find a small aggregated effect size across these meta‐analyses ( d = 0.27, 95% CI [0.16, 0.38]), which drops to d = 0.004 after adjusting for publication bias. Examining the methodological quality of the meta‐analyses, we find that most were rated as low or critically low, suggesting that our findings, which inherit these limitations, should be interpreted with caution. This study provides the most comprehensive synthesis of the effectiveness of nudging to date, while underscoring the urgent need for higher quality, preregistered meta‐analyses to clarify the true impact.

In “Psychological Inoculation for Credibility Assessment, Sharing Intention, and Discernment of Misinformation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis” (J Med Internet Res 2023;25: e49255) the authors made several clarifications to the Methods section to improve transparency.

UNSTRUCTURED In “Psychological Inoculation for Credibility Assessment, Sharing Intention, and Discernment of Misinformation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis” (J Med Internet Res 2023;25: e49255) the authors made several clarifications to the Methods section to improve transparency.

Health-related misinformation is widespread online and can adversely affect public well-being. This study examines whether media literacy can effectively combat health misinformation by influencing key stages of the misinformation process: initial credibility discernment, sharing decisions, and response to corrections. We conducted a cross-sectional online survey in China with 693 respondents, assessing their ability to discern misinformation (using both mean-rating difference and receiver operating characteristic–based methods), willingness to share information, and continued belief in misinformation after corrections. Results indicated that higher media literacy was associated with better credibility discernment of health information. Media literacy did not significantly associate with sharing discernment; however, respondents with higher media literacy scores exhibited a stronger continued influence effect. Additionally, participants with greater credibility discernment were more discerning in sharing information, although neither discernment index was related to the magnitude of the continued influence effect. These findings highlight a double-edged sword: while media literacy enhances the recognition of false information, it may also engender confidence that makes individuals less receptive to valid corrections. Interventions aiming to combat health misinformation should account for both the beneficial and potentially counterproductive effects of media literacy. The widespread dissemination of health misinformation on the Internet has a detrimental effect on people's lives.

The rapid expansion of the Internet and social media has intensified the spread of health misinformation, posing significant risks, especially for older adults. This meta-analysis synthesizes evidence on the prevalence and interventions of health misinformation among older adults. Our findings reveal a high prevalence rate of 47% (95% CI [33%, 60%]), surpassing recent estimates. Offline research settings have a higher prevalence of health misinformation. Despite methodological variances, the prevalence remains consistent across different measures and development levels. Interventions show significant effectiveness (Hedges’ g = 0.76, 95% CI [0.25, 1.26]), with graphic-based approaches outperforming video-based ones. These results underscore the urgent need for tailored, large-scale interventions to mitigate the adverse impacts of health misinformation on older adults. Further research should focus on refining intervention strategies and extending studies to underrepresented regions and populations.