Hyeonah Lee

Reliable multicomponent analysis has become an increasingly important objective in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as analytical applications extend beyond the detection of predefined molecular targets. However, identifying and quantifying multiple constituents within chemically complex samples remains challenging because SERS spectra do not directly represent the underlying chemical composition. Instead, they are shaped by selective molecular representation at plasmonic interfaces and the superposition of signals from multiple constituents, creating an inherently ambiguous relationship between spectral observations and the chemical system being analyzed. This review examines the physicochemical origins of these challenges and the analytical strategies developed to overcome them. Existing approaches are organized according to their primary analytical function, encompassing selective interfacial control, physical separation, computational analysis, and integrated analytical workflows. Each strategy is evaluated in the context of the specific analytical limitations it addresses, providing a structured perspective on the capabilities and remaining challenges of multicomponent SERS analysis.

Nanomedicine in gel or particle formation holds considerable potential for enhancing passive and active targeting within ocular drug delivery systems. The complex barriers of the eye, exemplified by the intricate network of closely connected tissue structures, pose significant challenges for drug administration. Leveraging the capability of engineered nanomedicine offers a promising approach to enhance drug penetration, particularly through active targeting agents such as protein peptides and aptamers, which facilitate targeted release and heightened bioavailability. Simultaneously, DNA carriers have emerged as a cutting-edge class of active-targeting structures, connecting active targeting agents and illustrating their potential in ocular drug delivery applications. This review aims to consolidate recent findings regarding the optimization of various nanoparticles, i.e., hydrogel-based systems, incorporating both passive and active targeting agents for ocular drug delivery, thereby identifying novel mechanisms and strategies. Furthermore, the review delves into the potential application of DNA nanostructures, exploring their role in the development of targeted drug delivery approaches within the field of ocular therapy.