Moldir Duisenbayeva

The object of the study is the process of catalytic hydrogenation of oil sludge and its binary model mixture (phenanthrene-naphthalene) over a synthesized Ni/zeolite catalyst, aimed at increasing the yield of light and medium distillate fractions from oil sludge. The kinetic and thermodynamic regularities of this process, as well as the effect of catalyst loading on the ratio of hydrogenation to isomerization products, remain insufficiently studied, limiting the selection of rational operating conditions for oil sludge processing. A kinetic model of reversible hydrogenation of oil sludge was developed for temperatures of 653, 673, and 693 K, which made it possible to determine the rate constants for direct (k1 = 0.1398 – 0.1604 min–1) and reverse (k2 = 0.0151 – 0.0287 min-1) reactions. Enthalpy (ΔH = –37.0 kJ/mol) and entropy (ΔS = 53.5 J/(mol·K) were calculated based on the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant reactions confirming its moderately exothermic nature. An increase in the catalyst loading contributed to both hydrogenation and isomerization, with the greatest variety of isomerization products observed at 0.6–0.8 wt.%. The results of the equilibrium kinetic analysis of oil sludge hydrogenation led to the conclusion that the mechanism of separation of fractions from oil sludge at temperatures up to 300°C is complex due to the possible transition from kinetic to diffusion regime. The obtained parameters provide a reliable basis for the development and expansion of catalytic technologies for the disposal of oil sludge, and the proposed equilibrium-kinetic analysis (EKA) approach is applicable to other heavy hydrocarbon wastes of similar composition, providing a basis for selecting the optimal temperature and catalyst loading in industrial-scale processing

The article presents an evaluation of the performance of a ground-source heat pump system designed to maintain a specific temperature regime within a biogas bioreactor. The novelty and distinctive feature of the installation lie in its use of renewable thermal energy sources. For the first time, a system with an external ground-source heat pump circuit consisting of four boreholes with copper U-shaped tubes through which the coolant circulates has been developed. The system's design, operating principle, and technical specifications are described. An assessment of the thermal energy output, accounting for the efficiency characteristic of the external circuit of a ground-source heat pump is shown.

The object of the study is the oil deposits that occur during the operation of oil-producing wells. One of the main elements of oil production is pumping and compressor pipes, through which liquid rises to the surface. During the extraction process, there is a sharp change in thermodynamic conditions (pressure drop, temperature drop), which disrupts the natural phase equilibrium of the raw materials. At the same time, inside the pipes, the components that were in the formation in a dissolved state precipitate out, forming solid deposits characterized by asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits, and complicating the production process. Contrary to conventional wax-dominated precipitation models, findings reveal a distinct resin-asphaltene dominated matrix, characterized by anomalously low paraffin fractions (averaging 1,49%) and elevated silica-gel resins (13,65%). X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and detailed fractional analysis demonstrate that the structural organization of these deposits is catalytically driven by a pronounced iron dominance (up to 25.5 ppm) synergistically interacting with native sulfur concentrations (1.03–1.74%). Furthermore, localized thermobaric depletion forces suspended chloride microcrystals (peaking at 140,312.04 mg/dm3) to act as inorganic nucleation cores, initiating the agglomeration of high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons and forming intractable water-in-oil emulsions. By quantifying these localized geochemical baselines, this study provides a critical theoretical framework for shifting from generic thermal treatments to targeted, chemically viable remediation strategies utilizing solvent-dispersant packages specifically engineered to passivate reactive iron and dissolve resinous envelopes

This study presents the development of a combined heating system for a bioreactor designed to improve the efficiency of organic waste biodegradation. The proposed system maintains the required operating temperature within a specified range without relying on external energy sources, thereby enhancing the sustainability and energy efficiency of the bioconversion process. A bioreactor heating system based on a “water jacket” that is heated by the combustion of coal–water fuel has been developed. The “water jacket” is a system of two 15 mm diameter tubes located along a cylindrical axis inside the bioreactor. Heated liquid flows through the tubes, accelerating biomass fermentation processes. A technology for preparing and burning coal–water fuel using a radial circulation injection device is offered. Calculations are performed to determine the optimal temperature regime for the combustion process. Optimal conditions for electric pulse coal grinding (28 kV, 600 discharges) were established, the required particle size distribution of 50–250 µm was achieved, and the ignition temperature of the coal–water mixture (650 °C) was determined. The findings may contribute to improved waste management technologies and environmental sustainability by reducing carbon emissions and waste generation.

This article considers several aspects of creating a combined bioreactor heating system without the use of external power grid power sources. It's known to intensify anaerobic digestion of organic waste, the bioreactor temperature is maintained within a specified range. A bioreactor heating system based on a "water jacket" , that heated by combustion of coal-water fuel has been developed. A technology for preparing and burning coal-water fuel using a radial circulation injection device is offered. Calculations are performed to determine the optimal temperature regime for the combustion process. The results obtained can contribute to the optimization of waste management technologies and ensure environmental sustainability by reducing carbon dioxide emissions and waste accumulation.

The object of the study is to processing of organic waste using less energy-consuming technologies. This article discusses the issues of improving energy conversion methods aimed at efficient processing of organic waste using less energy-consuming technologies. Shock waves and local micro sources of high temperatures and pressures destroy cellular and intercellular structures of organic material. In the course of experimental work, it was found that the effective isolation of valuable components from waste organic material depends on the discharge voltage and the capacity of the storage capacitor. During operation, the optimal temperature of the working medium was set in the range of 36−50°C and the maximum product yield was observed at an energy in the range of 120−240 J on the switching device. The maintenance of this temperature range is provided by a hydrodynamic installation, which creates a constant and uniform heating of the working cell of the electrohydroimpulse installation. Due to intensive hydrodynamic processes such as turbulence, cavitation, and local pressure drops, heat is distributed evenly, which ensures efficient processing of organic materials and process stability. The triglyceride fraction is an indispensable source of raw materials not only in the food industry, but also for medicine, construction, and industry (for lubricating machine parts and measuring instruments)

The article considers some aspects of solving the urgent problem related to waste processing, in particular, renewable biowaste from the food industry. Development and implementation of modern technologies for processing and recycling various organic waste will reduce dependence on fossil energy sources, achieve carbon neutrality and maintain environmental safety. The object of the study is organic waste of the agro-industrial complex in the form of bone mass. The possibilities of efficient extraction of the valuable component using electro-hydro-pulse processing were experimentally studied. A description of the basic diagram of the electro-hydro-pulse installation and testing methods for different processing modes are given. Optimum values ​​of electrical parameters are determined, allowing to increase the degree of extraction of valuable components from organic raw materials while reducing the processing time.

The paper discusses issues related to the design of a hydrodynamic throttle type heater. The maximum angular velocities for cylindrical and conical shapes are determined from the condition of non-spilling of liquid from a rotating vessel. Theoretical studies have shown that the conical shape of the skirt is more optimal, since with an increase in the liquid level in the vessel within 0.02–0.09 m, the angular velocity decreases from 37.566 rad/s to 17.709 rad/s, respectively. In addition, with a taper of the vessel walls of 5° and a liquid level height of 0.02 m, the volume of the liquid is 11.0·10–5 m3. If to increase the liquid level to 0.09 m, then the volume of liquid will increase to 55.0·10–5 m3. At a taper of 10°, respectively, there is also an increase in the volume of liquid from 6.0·10–5 m3 to 42.0·10–5 m3. To establish a small increase in the temperature of the liquid when it is forced through the throttle holes, a transparent mock-up was made. Experimental studies have shown the locking of air during the formation of a ring of liquid in the rotor cavity. In addition, it was found that the smaller the inner radius of the liquid ring, the higher the temperature of the pressed liquid through the throttle openings. For this purpose, a system for removing air from its rotor was provided in the hydrodynamic heater. When the rotor is running, the lateral outer walls of the conical skirt interact with the liquid, forcing it to rotate. The rotating liquid, rising along the walls of the housing, begins to interact with the lower part of the rotor, which negatively affects the operation of the hydrodynamic heater as a whole. For this purpose, a special flow directing cylinder was provided in the housing. When the liquid is forced through the throttle opening, there is a decrease in pressure and an increase in the velocity of the liquid. This leads to an increase in its kinetic energy, which is then converted into thermal energy due to friction between the liquid molecules. This principle is used in various systems such as heating systems, industrial processes or laboratory research. However, creating pressure in front of the throttle openings using the inertial forces of a rotating mass of liquid is a promising direction

The paper presents the results of experimental studies on the developed bone degreasing stand. The object of the study is the production of valuable components from organic raw materials. Fractions of cattle crushed to the size of 2.5 mm, 5.2 mm and 10.5 mm were used to identify the effective mode of operation of an electrohydroimpulse installation. Physical and chemical methods of fat extraction are currently not relevant from the point of view of economy, due to environmental damage and labor intensity. In this regard, new effective methods of extracting fat from bone mass are needed. Therefore, the proposed method of extracting fat by spark discharge is an actual and alternative method for today. During the study, an acceptable temperature regime for fat production was obtained. Next, a laboratory stand was assembled, with which you can degrease the bone mass without changing the properties of fat. Experimental studies show that with an increase in the capacity of the capacitor bank in energy storage devices and the length of the discharge gap, the bone degreasing process becomes more efficient. During the study, it was found that at a liquid temperature of 38 °C and a pulse voltage of 25 kV on a switching device of an electrohydroimpulse installation, the degree of fat extraction increases without destroying the morphological structure of bone mass. Using the hexane extraction reaction, we determined the efficiency of fat extraction at a temperature of 38 °C, at which the fat mass from the bones is effectively broken down, and using the UV-1800 spectrophotometer, we determined the amount of protein in the bones before and after treatment. The study also showed that with a capacitor bank capacity of 0.5 uF, crushed to a fraction of 10.5 mm of pelvic bone, the separated fat is 18.7 %, and with constant grinding of the capacitor bank to a fraction of 2.5 mm – 19.4 %

The article presents the results of experimental research conducted on a specially designed setup for pressurizing various types of fluids through throttle orifices. To determine the optimal operating mode of the thermal system, throttle nozzles of different diameters, specifically 1.5 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm, were utilized. One of the primary advantages of vortex heaters is their high heat exchange efficiency. This is attributed to the vortical motions and turbulence generated within the device, which promote more vigorous fluid mixing, thus enhancing heat transfer efficiency. However, vortex heaters do have certain drawbacks. Vortical components may experience wear and require regular maintenance and replacement. Subsequently, during the course of experimental work, an alternative inertia-based hydrodynamic system for heating heat carriers was developed and installed in a laboratory experimental facility. The research focus was on technical water. The results indicated that the static pre-pressure generated by the supply of water from the water main into the system decreases as the rotor's angular velocity increases. Experimental investigations demonstrated that rotor rotation leads to a redistribution of flow characteristics in throttle orifices for both static and dynamic inertial fluid discharge. Given that any static column of liquid results in level flow through throttle orifices, their flow static parameters were established. Furthermore, the research revealed that with the increase in rotor angular velocity, the fluid pressure at the throttle orifices rises, while the share of fluid discharge from the initial static pressure decreases in the overall fluid flow